Nature or nurture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nature or sustain - Essay Example In spite of the fact that at present, mainstream researchers has steered the result towards ‘nature’, a progressing banter contends that condition is the principle factor affecting sexual orientation characters of individuals. This end is drawn from crafted by Michael Kimmel, a humanist who educates at the University of New York at Stony Brook. Aside from having composed on sexual orientation by and large and men specifically, in â€Å"‘Bros before Hos’: The Guy Code†, Kimmel manages issues of manliness. He accepts that youngsters are associated into their gatherings and addition thoughts of manliness from the environmental factors around them. Studies which have been led by James O’Neill, formative therapist at the University of Connecticut and social clinician, Joseph Pleck have indicated how little the mingling effects on young men have changed throughout the years. Kimmel brings up how men fit in with masculizing impacts and saw manly condu ct since they are on edge to make sure about the endorsement of other men. In the expressions of dramatist David Mamet, ladies are seen have such a â€Å"low place on the social stepping stool of this nation that its futile to characterize yourself as far as a woman†. Young men will in general relate to their dads and more established male friends and receive personal conduct standards viewed as â€Å"masculine† so as to win the endorsement of other men. Freud has advanced the view that a fundamental piece of the way toward characterizing male sexual orientation recognize is the partition of a kid from his mom and close ID with his dad. Manliness is in this way accomplished through â€Å"repudiation, disassociation and afterward identification.† To help this contention, clinicians, for example, Michael Thompson, James Gabarrino and Dan Kindlon additionally repeat that a culture of savagery is made wherein little fellows are effectively disheartened from crying o r indicating their feelings. Applying Pollack’s sees, a little youngster would be pushed through the impacts from different guys in his general condition to effectively build up the â€Å"mask of manliness, which is basically an apathetic, dispassionate front wherein denying their own passionate needs shapes a basic piece of encircling of sexual orientation personality of the young men. Conversely with Kimmel, Hanna Rosin is less sure about the effect of mingling impacts and nature on the improvement of sex personality. In the â€Å"A Boy’ Life†, Rosin focuses to the way that the challenges transgender youngsters experience, seem to have been exacerbated by parental extravagance. These kids take on pretending at an early age †ordinarily the job of the other gender †and continue with it. The essayist likewise maps the ongoing distraction with science in the territory of human character and the speculations of sexual orientation as a social build. Both Rosin and Kimmel offer an upsetting perspective on the inspiration of companions, guardians, networks and experts. These individuals engaged with the arrangement of sexual orientation characters, in which a blend of dread of dismissal, a requirement for regularity and friend endorsement, and expert desire prompts a determined thought. Guardians, driven by dread of their children’s dismissal by society and steady social insistence

Ideal family Essay

Section ONE THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Presentation The organization of family is an essential unit in the general public, and the multi capacities performed by it make it a genuinely necessary establishment in a general public. A portion of the significant capacities performed by the family incorporate multiplication of new individuals and mingling them, and arrangement of enthusiastic and physical consideration for more seasoned people and youthful. Family truth be told, is an organization which resolves or facilitates countless social issues. The term family had been characterized by different sociologists and anthropologists. Dwindle Murdock, in the wake of concentrating more than 250 multi social orders characterizes family as a â€Å"social bunch described by regular living arrangement, financial co-activity and multiplication. Interconnectedness of people in family connections through obligations of fondness as well as commitment prompts joint dynamic, financial plan †pooling, helpful work jobs and honorable child rearing inside a structure of socially acknowledged ideas about the division of rights and duties by sex and generational position. There are two fundamental family types presented by the sociologists. One is the family unit, which comprises of two older folks and their youngsters. It is frequently alluded to as the â€Å"immediate family†. More distant family is the other kind. It comprises of an old arrangement of family exhibitions with the nearby associations of a few ages of relations, for example, grandparents, spouses of sisters and wives of siblings, aunties, uncles, nieces and nephews. As indicated by Adoms, as families move from being reached out to being increasingly disconnected, atomic and privatized the connection among spouses and husbands will in general become progressively equivalent, with the two accomplices working and sharing family assignments. Such a family is characterized as â€Å"the balanced family†. From this, I have chosen to examine on IDEAL FAMILY to introduce what are the patterns in having a family. Proclamation of the Problem The principle motivation behind this exploration is to introduce the plans of the understudies in having their very own group alongside its duties. Explicitly it plans to: Choosing the size of the family fluctuates to its duties. Making a family relates to penances in part of their professions. By looking forward †years from now †anticipate that them should having an upbeat family they need to make. Degree and Delimitation This exploration covers most are students of the University of the East. Sixty understudies will be imparting their insights and future choices in beginning a family. Importance of the Research The exploration attempts to support the accompanying: The understudies see a greater amount of their future about having a family and its duties since it will seek them to their present circumstance as an understudy and for their future. The University of the East †Caloocan accomplishes one of their principle goals to deliver solid and mindful individual later on. The educators support and improve their understudies with qualities and yearnings on pushing ahead and each progression to take must be envisioned. Section II Survey OF RELATED LITERATURE Reinforcing Fragile Families The ascent of delicate familiesâ€families that start when a kid is brought into the world outside of marriageâ€is one of the nation’s most vexing social issues. In any case, these families endure high neediness rates and poor kid results. Much progressively risky, the very gatherings of Americans who generally experience destitution, weakened kid advancement, and poor school accomplishment have the most noteworthy paces of non-conjugal parenthoodâ€thus escalating the impediments looked by these families and broadening them into the people to come. Financial Mobility of Families across Generations The investigation presents that â€Å"Doing better† than one’s guardians has for quite some time been a key component of the American Dream. Not exclusively can individuals gain more, however they can climb the stepping stool contrasted with others. The story, implanted in our history and our writing, recommends any individual can begin from humble beginnings and accomplishes extraordinary riches, or if nothing else arrive at the white collar class. Be that as it may, how are Americans getting along today? It is safe to say that they are in an ideal situation than their own folks were and what amount does their possible achievement rely upon their family foundation? These inquiries are replied in this examination. Guardians working out work For families with youngsters, the work of guardians is indispensable to address the prosperity of relatives. Progressively, when we think about parental business, it isn't just fathers’ work that is of concern, yet in addition mothers’. How guardians work out work applies both to those families with two guardians in the workforce and those with a solitary parent working. This realities sheet presents measurable data about patterns in parents’ commitment in paid work, analyzing mothers’ and fathers’ business designs. We give itemized data about jobless families. Further, the manners by which families deal with their work and care duties is dissected, through introduction of measurements on their utilization of kid care, paid parental and other leave, and other working game plans. Family cooperating: getting the Balance right The National Families Week subject for 2013 causes to notice the occasionally troublesome undertaking of accomplishing balance in our lives. Accomplishing parity can benefit from outside intervention by cooperating in our quick and more distant families, just as with companions, neighbors and the more extensive network. One of the squeezing difficulties today is finding the harmony between the hours spent in paid work and the time went through with loved ones, in network exercises, and caring for our own wellbeing and prosperity. This realities sheet features a portion of the manners by which such time responsibilities fluctuate over the existence course, and how families deal with these and other contending requests on their time. Families have a significant effect: helping children to develop and learn This Facts Sheet has been set up for the 2012 National Families Week, with this year’s topic being â€Å"Families have a significant effect: Helping children to develop and learn†. It gives a scope of data on manners by which families sustain and support children’s physical, learning and social enthusiastic turn of events. Helping kids to develop and learn happens inside families from numerous points of view, from giving a safe and sustaining home condition, through being engaged with children’s learning exercises at school, home and somewhere else, and provide kids the information and guidance they have to grow up with the social and enthusiastic capacities to handle regular day to day existence. We will investigate this here by taking a gander at children’s physical, learning and social-enthusiastic turn of events Section III Strategy Research setting and respondents The respondents of this investigation are students of the University of the East. There are sixty respondents remembered for the examination. Research strategy The scientists utilized the expressive technique that is structure for the specialists to accumulate data about introducing existing condition. Thusly, it characterizes as assortment of information so as to test speculation or to respond to questions concerning the status of the subject of the investigation. The specialists make a study survey as instrument to accumulate data required among the respondents. Information gathering instrument There are one-page overview survey formed with ten inquiries in regards to the data expected to the examination. The inquiries that assemble data about the sentiments and desires in having a family. Family life incorporates the size, authority, home, and duty. It’s more on a desires or reference in observing their life in not so distant future. Information get-together and method The analysts define inquiries for the study polls for the appropriate responses required in the investigation. The study polls are hand out to the respondents. At that point, the respondents answer the review surveys identified with their assessment, information, and future references. The review surveys will be gather for the planning of the examination and results. Section IV Introduction, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Quantitative Result The scientists classify the information accumulated and present the outcomes in graphical structure. The respondents’ answers appeared in the accompanying figures each have their own understanding and investigation. Figure 1. Number of respondents anticipating having a family From Figure 1, 60 of the respondents plan on having a family said yes and nobody said no. Figure 2. Age on having a family From Figure 2, 33 of the respondents said they intend to have a family at age of 20-24 years of age, 18 said at age of 25-29 years of age, 7 said at age of 30-34 years of age, 2 said at age of 35-39 years of age, and nobody said at age of 40 years of age or more. Figure 3. Number of respondents anticipating the quantity of youngster/kids From Figure 3, 15 of the respondents said they intend to have one youngster, 27 said two kids, 11 said three kids, 5 said four kids, and 2 said at least five kids, and nobody said they don't plan to have a kid. Figure 4. Quantities of respondents know about the duties in having kids From Figure 4, 60 of the respondents said yes for their familiarity with duty in having kids and nobody said no. Figure 5. Area of the living arrangement of their family From Figure 5, 48 of the respondents said they will have their own home for their own family, and 12 said they will live to their family living arrangement. Figure 6. Leader of the family From Figure 6, 32 of the respondents the dad will be the leader of the family, 7 said the mother, and 21 said both. Figure 7. Number of respondents surrendering their profession From Figure 7, 45 of the respondents said yes to surrender their profession in dealing with their family, and 15 said no.

Magical Attic Butterflies Coloring Page

Magical Attic Butterflies Coloring Page A medium-detail coloring page to help build pre-writing motor skills The butterflies on this printable require careful work and focus - perfect for building attention and fine-motor skills in young children! This Magical Attic coloring page features Misty Pig and butterflies of different shapes and sizes - appropriate for developing hand-eye coordination and fine-motor skills. BCP Imagines BCP Imagines BCP Imagines designs and develops unique multimedia that brings children and their families creative, fun, shared experiences. Our award-winning cross-platform content encourages creative learning, expression and play while helping kids of ALL ages open their imaginations and look at their world in a new way. BCP Imagines' multi-award winning series Drawing with Mark brings the joy of learning to draw to all ages. The Magical Attic?, where anything is possible,? was created to help foster imagination and creative play while encouraging positive attitudes emphasizing the important lessons of kindness, friendship and helping others. Visit the Magical Attic store or purchase the Drawing with Mark collection!

Definition Of Respect For Autonomy - 1993 Words

Respect for autonomy is central to modern bioethics. Along with the principles of nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice, respect for autonomy forms the basis of the principle based approach to bioethics {BEAUCHAMP2009}. This approach, also known as principlism, has come to dominate the way bioethics is done. Despite the extensive critique of principlism within the bioethics literature, that which principlism does not or cannot address is still often taken as falling outside the ethical domain {CALHOUN1988}. Furthermore, principlism has been widely adopted within healthcare, where there is little or no acknowledgement of the limitations of this approach. As a result many of the practice based, real world, solutions to bioethical problems continue to rely entirely on principlism. This phenomenon is well illustrated by the problem of decision making when the patient cannot participate. It is widely accepted that competent patients should be able to make their own healthcare decisions. This claim is underpinned by the principle of respect for autonomy which is realised through processes such as informed consent and shared decision making. But what happens when the patient cannot participate in decision making;, under these circumstances whose voice should be heard? In the seminal text Principles of Biomedical Ethics Beauchamp and Childress (ref) frame decision making when the patient is incompetent as a problem of lost autonomy and the solutions they propose areShow MoreRelatedPrivacy And The Right Of Privacy1540 Words   |  7 PagesBy definition, privacy is the ability of an individual to seclude themselves or information about themselves from the individuals around them or the community they live in. Almost all countries have laws in place to protect an individual’s privacy because it is under the illusion as a fundamental human right. 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This question is answered by the six principles of ethics, Respect for Autonomy, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, Justice, Fidelity and Veracity. Following these six principles gives a more concrete definition on what being ethical means. The first of the six principles of ethics is Respect for Autonomy. What is exactly meant by respect for autonomy? Autonomy represents the capacity for human self determination and the ability for humans to make their own decisionsRead MoreNursing Theory in Professional Practice1287 Words   |  6 Pagesfamilies, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people.† (International Council of Nurses, 2002). Virginia Henderson’s classic definition of nursing is, â€Å"I say that the nurse does for others what they would do for themselves if they had the strength, the will, and the knowledge. But I go on to say that the nurse makes the patient independent of him or her as soon as possible. (VirginiaRead MoreLearner Autonomy1084 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Learner Autonomy and How Can It Be Fostered? Dimitrios Thanasoulas The Internet TESL Journal 2. What is Autonomy? For a definition of autonomy, we might quote Holec (1981: 3, cited in Benson Voller, 1997: 1) who describes it as the ability to take charge of ones learning. On a general note, the term autonomy has come to be used in at least five ways (see Benson Voller, 1997: 2): †¢ for situations in which learners study entirely on their own; †¢ for a set of skillsRead MoreHuman Experimentation1684 Words   |  7 PagesTOPIC #4: Human Experimentation PRO: Prisoners should be allowed to participate in human research CON: Prisoners should not be allowed to participate in human research History and definitions Dating back to 1965, seventy-five prisoners at Holmesburg prison in Pennsylvania were purposely exposed to a poisonous agent. This study was conducted to determine the effects of dioxin, a potentially harmful substance. Dermatologist Dr. Albert Kligman, exposed prisoners to a dosage 468 times greaterRead MoreAdvertising Prescription Drugs And The United States1021 Words   |  5 Pageswe can test weather an action is moral. Three formulations Kant gave for an action must have if it is to be a moral action are â€Å"(1) it must be amendable to being made consistently universal; (2) it must respect rational beings as ends in themselves; and (3) it must stem from, and respect autonomy of rational beings (DeGeorge).† In the case of DTC prescription drug ads Kant’s categorical imperative deontological approach depends on the intentions of the manufacturers. In the book Principles of HealthRead MoreEuthanasia And The Right Of Life And Euthanasia1558 Words   |  7 PagesTo speak of Right to Life and Euthanasia, first it should be defined by at least two notions: Euthanasia and the Right to Life, the first are definitions as those shown below: Some authors see that the concept or the notion of Euthanasia is too ambiguous, which can lead us to understand very different and even contradictory things. Let s refer to it: 1. A normed use: Death without physical suffering or which causes voluntarily Another use is the Factual painless death or death in a state

Why People Commit Crimes - 933 Words

Crime has been around for as long as humans have had law. It is an unavoidable part of our society. A question that has been under study for almost the same amount of time is the issue of why people commit crimes. What is the motivation behind criminals and their behavior? Many theories have been made for different situations and types of criminals. These theories can also be applied to crimes that occur in movies. For the film, Lawless, neutralization theory can be applied to a lot of the happenings. The film, Lawless, is based on the novel The Wettest County in the World, which dramatizes true events that took place in Franklin country, Virginia during the prohibition era. The three Bondurant brothers and their illegal bootlegging business are the main focus of the story, with the middle child, Forest, as the main ring leader. The story starts out with the brothers just delivering to their some regular loyal customers, many of which include the police. Then, a new deputy moves into town and is determined to shut down all the bootlegging in the area. In the name of the law, the new deputy effectively shuts down all of the bootleggers except for the Bondurant brothers by a variety of means, including violence. The brothers, meanwhile, manage to extend their business across county lines. There is a series of physical attacks by the deputy on people including other bootleggers, family of the Bondurant brothers, and the youngest of the brothers himself. The event ofShow MoreRelatedWhy People Commit The Crime Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagescriminal justice process. Criminological theory is important because most of what is done in criminal justice is based on criminological theory, whether we or the people who propose and implement policies based on the theory know it or not. In criminology, examining why people commit the crime is very important in the ongoing debate on how crime should be handled or committed. Several criminological theories that best describe the cause for juvenile delinquency is social disorganization, strain, socialRead MoreWhy People Commit Crimes1403 Words   |  6 Pagesperson has it own opinion. Crime is the human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws, according with Schmalleger. The criminal behavior is the antisocial acts that a person commits for different reasons. This means that the person violated laws constantly for a long or short time period. There are many reasons why criminals commit crimes. Some of the criminals commit crimes for necessity, others forRead MoreWhy People Commit Crimes?1255 Words   |  6 PagesWhy People Commit Crimes Author: admin Monday, 22 Sep 2014 It is known that people commit crimes for various reasons, such as social factors, economic and cultural reasons. All these factors have negative impact on the individuals and trigger them to be involved in criminal activities. For example, social factors are focused on the role of society in the life of an individual. The reasons of many crimes are concluded in peer pressure, school failure, prejudices and stereotyping, etc. Economic reasonsRead MoreWhy People Commit Crime?1417 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout History, there have been many speculations as to why people commit crime. Criminologists, Psychologists, Sociologists and even Biologists have all, at one time or another claimed to have an explanation. However, there is one underlying explanation that has been maintained across centuries, presented by various theorists, and to this day, is widely perceived as truthful. That is the explanation that a certain propensity to commit crime exists within the lower classes of society that does notRead MoreWhy People Commit The Crimes2635 Words   |  11 Pages Introduction There are many different theories out there of why people commit the crimes they do. In fact there are several theories that are apart of the different aspects of those theories. For hundreds of years people have been trying to figure out what causes people to engage in deviant behavior. It has been a field that has changed the way it has looked at why criminals commit the crimes that they do. The theory that I am going to be covering in this paper is that of the Strain TheoryRead MoreWhy People Commit Crime? Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pageswhen offenders desist, or stop, committing crime. Desistance from crime exists when an individual has an absence of criminal behavior in their lives for a sustained period of time. 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These various reasons got to do with social, economic, and cultural reason. These factors trigger an individual to do criminal activities. Social reasons are peer pressure, and school failure. Economic reasons are poverty. Cultural reasons are hatred. The combination of these factors is behind a person who commits crimes. To start with, people commit crime because of social reasons. The social reasons are poor parenting skills, peer influence, drugsRead MoreWhy Do People Commit Crime?1300 Words   |  6 PagesWhy do people commit crime? Identify and explore 3 theories of crime and evaluate their key strengths and weaknesses Discuss the role of rehabilitation in the justice system (using three theories of crime to back up) The Oxford Dictionary defines a crime as an action or omission, which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law . Criminological studies look into why individuals commit crime and why they behave the way they do in certain situations. By understanding this, one is able to

A Game of Thrones Chapter Forty-one Free Essays

Jon You are as hopeless as any boys I have ever trained,† Ser Alliser Thorne announced when they had all assembled in the yard. â€Å"Your hands were made for manure shovels, not for swords, and if it were up to me, the lot of you would be set to herding swine. But last night I was told that Gueren is marching five new boys up the kingsroad. We will write a custom essay sample on A Game of Thrones Chapter Forty-one or any similar topic only for you Order Now One or two may even be worth the price of piss. To make room for them, I have decided to pass eight of you on to the Lord Commander to do with as he will.† He called out the names one by one. â€Å"Toad. Stone Head. Aurochs. Lover. Pimple. Monkey. Ser Loon.† Last, he looked at Jon. â€Å"And the Bastard.† Pyp let fly a whoop and thrust his sword into the air. Ser Alliser fixed him with a reptile stare. â€Å"They will call you men of Night’s Watch now, but you are bigger fools than the Mummer’s Monkey here if you believe that. You are boys still, green and stinking of summer, and when the winter comes you will die like flies.† And with that, Ser Alliser Thorne took his leave of them. The other boys gathered round the eight who had been named, laughing and cursing and offering congratulations. Halder smacked Toad on the butt with the flat of his sword and shouted, â€Å"Toad, of the Night’s Watch!† Yelling that a black brother needed a horse, Pyp leapt onto Grenn’s shoulders, and they tumbled to the ground, rolling and punching and hooting. Dareon dashed inside the armory and returned with a skin of sour red. As they passed the wine from hand to hand, grinning like fools, Jon noticed Samwell Tarly standing by himself beneath a bare dead tree in the corner of the yard. Jon offered him the skin. â€Å"A swallow of wine?† Sam shook his head. â€Å"No thank you, Jon.† â€Å"Are you well?† â€Å"Very well, truly,† the fat boy lied. â€Å"I am so happy for you all.† His round face quivered as he forced a smile. â€Å"You will be First Ranger someday, just as your uncle was.† â€Å"Is,† Jon corrected. He would not accept that Benjen Stark was dead. Before he could say more, Haider cried, â€Å"Here, you planning to drink that all yourself?† Pyp snatched the skin from his hand and danced away, laughing. While Grenn seized his arm, Pyp gave the skin a squeeze, and a thin stream of red squirted Jon in the face. Haider howled in protest at the waste of good wine. Jon sputtered and struggled. Matthar and Jeren climbed the wall and began pelting them all with snowballs. By the time he wrenched free, with snow in his hair and wine stains on his surcoat, Samwell Tarly had gone. That night, Three-Finger Hobb cooked the boys a special meal to mark the occasion. When Jon arrived at the common hall, the Lord Steward himself led him to the bench near the fire. The older men clapped him on the arm in passing. The eight soon-to-be brothers feasted on rack of lamb baked in a crust of garlic and herbs, garnished with sprigs of mint, and surrounded by mashed yellow turnips swimming in butter. â€Å"From the Lord Commander’s own table,† Bowen Marsh told them. There were salads of spinach and chickpeas and turnip greens, and afterward bowls of iced blueberries and sweet cream. â€Å"Do you think they’ll keep us together?† Pyp wondered as they gorged themselves happily. Toad made a face. â€Å"I hope not. I’m sick of looking at those ears of yours.† â€Å"Ho,† said Pyp. â€Å"Listen to the crow call the raven black. You’re certain to be a ranger, Toad. They’ll want you as far from the castle as they can. If Mance Rayder attacks, lift your visor and show your face, and he’ll run off screaming.† Everyone laughed but Grenn. â€Å"I hope I’m a ranger.† â€Å"You and everyone else,† said Matthar. Every man who wore the black walked the Wall, and every man was expected to take up steel in its defense, but the rangers were the true fighting heart of the Night’s Watch. It was they who dared ride beyond the Wall, sweeping through the haunted forest and the icy mountain heights west of the Shadow Tower, fighting wildlings and giants and monstrous snow bears. â€Å"Not everyone,† said Halder. â€Å"It’s the builders for me. What use would rangers be if the Wall fell down?† The order of builders provided the masons and carpenters to repair keeps and towers, the miners to dig tunnels and crush stone for roads and footpaths, the woodsmen to clear away new growth wherever the forest pressed too close to the Wall. Once, it was said, they had quarried immense blocks of ice from frozen lakes deep in the haunted forest, dragging them south on sledges so the Wall might be raised ever higher. Those days were centuries gone, however; now, it was all they could do to ride the Wall from Eastwatch to the Shadow Tower, watching for cracks or signs of melt and making what repairs they could. â€Å"The Old Bear’s no fool,† Dareon observed. â€Å"You’re certain to be a builder, and Jon’s certain to be a ranger. He’s the best sword and the best rider among us, and his uncle was the First before he . . . † His voice trailed off awkwardly as he realized what he had almost said. â€Å"Benjen Stark is still First Ranger,† Jon Snow told him, toying with his bowl of blueberries. The rest might have given up all hope of his uncle’s safe return, but not him. He pushed away the berries, scarcely touched, and rose from the bench. â€Å"Aren’t you going to eat those?† Toad asked. â€Å"They’re yours.† Jon had hardly tasted Hobb’s great feast. â€Å"I could not eat another bite.† He took his cloak from its hook near the door and shouldered his way out. Pyp followed him. â€Å"Jon, what is it?† â€Å"Sam,† he admitted. â€Å"He was not at table tonight.† â€Å"It’s not like him to miss a meal,† Pyp said thoughtfully. â€Å"Do you suppose he’s taken ill?† â€Å"He’s frightened. We’re leaving him.† He remembered the day he had left Winterfell, all the bittersweet farewells; Bran lying broken, Robb with snow in his hair, Arya raining kisses on him after he’d given her Needle. â€Å"Once we say our words, we’ll all have duties to attend to. Some of us may be sent away, to Eastwatch or the Shadow Tower. Sam will remain in training, with the likes of Rast and Cuger and these new boys who are coming up the kingsroad. Gods only know what they’ll be like, but you can bet Ser Alliser will send them against him, first chance he gets.† Pyp made a grimace. â€Å"You did all you could.† â€Å"All we could wasn’t enough,† Jon said. A deep restlessness was on him as he went back to Hardin’s Tower for Ghost. The direwolf walked beside him to the stables. Some of the more skittish horses kicked at their stalls and laid back their ears as they entered. Jon saddled his mare, mounted, and rode out from Castle Black, south across the moonlit night. Ghost raced ahead of him, flying over the ground, gone in the blink of an eye. Jon let him go. A wolf needed to hunt. He had no destination in mind. He wanted only to ride. He followed the creek for a time, listening to the icy trickle of water over rock, then cut across the fields to the kingsroad. It stretched out before him, narrow and stony and pocked with weeds, a road of no particular promise, yet the sight of it filled Jon Snow with a vast longing. Winterfell was down that road, and beyond it Riverrun and King’s Landing and the Eyrie and so many other places; Casterly Rock, the Isle of Faces, the red mountains of Dorne, the hundred islands of Braavos in the sea, the smoking ruins of old Valyria. All the places that Jon would never see. The world was down that road . . . and he was here. Once he swore his vow, the Wall would be his home until he was old as Maester Aemon. â€Å"I have not sworn yet,† he muttered. He was no outlaw, bound to take the black or pay the penalty for his crimes. He had come here freely, and he might leave freely . . . until he said the words. He need only ride on, and he could leave it all behind. By the time the moon was full again, he would be back in Winterfell with his brothers. Your half brothers, a voice inside reminded him. And Lady Stark, who will not welcome you. There was no place for him in Winterfell, no place in King’s Landing either. Even his own mother had not had a place for him. The thought of her made him sad. He wondered who she had been, what she had looked like, why his father had left her. Because she was a whore or an adulteress, fool. Something dark and dishonorable, or else why was Lord Eddard too ashamed to speak of her? Jon Snow turned away from the kingsroad to look behind him. The fires of Castle Black were hidden behind a hill, but the Wall was there, pale beneath the moon, vast and cold, running from horizon to horizon. He wheeled his horse around and started for home. Ghost returned as he crested a rise and saw the distant glow of lamplight from the Lord Commander’s Tower. The direwolf s muzzle was red with blood as he trotted beside the horse. Jon found himself thinking of Samwell Tarly again on the ride back. By the time he reached the stables, he knew what he must do. Maester Aemon’s apartments were in a stout wooden keep below the rookery. Aged and frail, the maester shared his chambers with two of the younger stewards, who tended to his needs and helped him in his duties. The brothers joked that he had been given the two ugliest men in the Night’s Watch; being blind, he was spared having to look at them. Clydas was short, bald, and chinless, with small pink eyes like a mole. Chett had a wen on his neck the size of a pigeon’s egg, and a face red with boils and pimples. Perhaps that was why he always seemed so angry. It was Chett who answered Jon’s knock. â€Å"I need to speak to Maester Aemon,† Jon told him. â€Å"The maester is abed, as you should be. Come back on the morrow and maybe he’ll see you.† He began to shut the door. Jon jammed it open with his boot. â€Å"I need to speak to him now. The morning will be too late.† Chett scowled. â€Å"The maester is not accustomed to being woken in the night. Do you know how old he is?† â€Å"Old enough to treat visitors with more courtesy than you,† Jon said. â€Å"Give him my pardons. I would not disturb his rest if it were not important.† â€Å"And if I refuse?† Jon had his boot wedged solidly in the door. â€Å"I can stand here all night if I must.† The black brother made a disgusted noise and opened the door to admit him. â€Å"Wait in the library. There’s wood. Start a fire. I won’t have the maester catching a chill on account of you.† Jon had the logs crackling merrily by the time Chett led in Maester Aemon. The old man was clad in his bed robe, but around his throat was the chain collar of his order. A maester did not remove it even to sleep. â€Å"The chair beside the fire would be pleasant,† he said when he felt the warmth on his face. When he was settled comfortably, Chett covered his legs with a fur and went to stand by the door. â€Å"I am sorry to have woken you, Maester,† Jon Snow said. â€Å"You did not wake me,† Maester Aemon replied. â€Å"I find I need less sleep as I grow older, and I am grown very old. I often spend half the night with ghosts, remembering times fifty years past as if they were yesterday. The mystery of a midnight visitor is a welcome persion. So tell me, Jon Snow, why have you come calling at this strange hour?† â€Å"To ask that Samwell Tarly be taken from training and accepted as a brother of the Night’s Watch.† â€Å"This is no concern of Maester Aemon,† Chett complained. â€Å"Our Lord Commander has given the training of recruits into the hands of Ser Alliser Thorne,† the maester said gently. â€Å"Only he may say when a boy is ready to swear his vow, as you surely know. Why then come to me?† â€Å"The Lord Commander listens to you,† Jon told him. â€Å"And the wounded and the sick of the Night’s Watch are in your charge.† â€Å"And is your friend Samwell wounded or sick?† â€Å"He will be,† Jon promised, â€Å"unless you help.† He told them all of it, even the part where he’d set Ghost at Rast’s throat. Maester Aemon listened silently, blind eyes fixed on the fire, but Chett’s face darkened with each word. â€Å"Without us to keep him safe, Sam will have no chance,† Jon finished. â€Å"He’s hopeless with a sword. My sister Arya could tear him apart, and she’s not yet ten. If Ser Alliser makes him fight, it’s only a matter of time before he’s hurt or killed.† Chett could stand no more. â€Å"I’ve seen this fat boy in the common hall,† he said. â€Å"He is a pig, and a hopeless craven as well, if what you say is true.† â€Å"Maybe it is so,† Maester Aemon said. â€Å"Tell me, Chett, what would you have us do with such a boy?† â€Å"Leave him where he is,† Chett said. â€Å"The Wall is no place for the weak. Let him train until he is ready, no matter how many years that takes. Ser Alliser shall make a man of him or kill him, as the gods will.† â€Å"That’s stupid,† Jon said. He took a deep breath to gather his thoughts. â€Å"I remember once I asked Maester Luwin why he wore a chain around his throat.† Maester Aemon touched his own collar lightly, his bony, wrinkled finger stroking the heavy metal links. â€Å"Go on.† â€Å"He told me that a maester’s collar is made of chain to remind him that he is sworn to serve,† Jon said, remembering. â€Å"I asked why each link was a different metal. A silver chain would look much finer with his grey robes, I said. Maester Luwin laughed. A maester forges his chain with study, he told me. The different metals are each a different kind of learning, gold for the study of money and accounts, silver for healing, iron for warcraft. And he said there were other meanings as well. The collar is supposed to remind a maester of the realm he serves, isn’t that so? Lords are gold and knights steel, but two links can’t make a chain. You also need silver and iron and lead, tin and copper and bronze and all the rest, and those are farmers and smiths and merchants and the like. A chain needs all sorts of metals, and a land needs all sorts of people.† Maester Aemon smiled. â€Å"And so?† â€Å"The Night’s Watch needs all sorts too. Why else have rangers and stewards and builders? Lord Randyll couldn’t make Sam a warrior, and Ser Alliser won’t either. You can’t hammer tin into iron, no matter how hard you beat it, but that doesn’t mean tin is useless. Why shouldn’t Sam be a steward?† Chett gave an angry scowl. â€Å"I’m a steward. You think it’s easy work, fit for cowards? The order of stewards keeps the Watch alive. We hunt and farm, tend the horses, milk the cows, gather firewood, cook the meals. Who do you think makes your clothing? Who brings up supplies from the south? The stewards.† Maester Aemon was gentler. â€Å"Is your friend a hunter?† â€Å"He hates hunting,† Jon had to admit. â€Å"Can he plow a field?† the maester asked. â€Å"Can he drive a wagon or sail a ship? Could he butcher a cow?† â€Å"No.† Chett gave a nasty laugh. â€Å"I’ve seen what happens to soft lordlings when they’re put to work. Set them to churning butter and their hands blister and bleed. Give them an axe to split logs, and they cut off their own foot.† â€Å"I know one thing Sam could do better than anyone.† â€Å"Yes?† Maester Aemon prompted. Jon glanced warily at Chett, standing beside the door, his boils red and angry. â€Å"He could help you,† he said quickly. â€Å"He can do sums, and he knows how to read and write. I know Chett can’t read, and Clydas has weak eyes. Sam read every book in his father’s library. He’d be good with the ravens too. Animals seem to like him. Ghost took to him straight off. There’s a lot he could do, besides fighting. The Night’s Watch needs every man. Why kill one, to no end? Make use of him instead.† Maester Aemon closed his eyes, and for a brief moment Jon was afraid that he had gone to sleep. Finally he said, â€Å"Maester Luwin taught you well, Jon Snow. Your mind is as deft as your blade, it would seem.† â€Å"Does that mean . . . â€Å" â€Å"It means I shall think on what you have said,† the maester told him firmly. â€Å"And now, I believe I am ready to sleep. Chett, show our young brother to the door.† How to cite A Game of Thrones Chapter Forty-one, Essay examples

Dynamic Graphics for Data Analysis Essay Example For Students

Dynamic Graphics for Data Analysis Essay Outline1 1. INTRODUCTION1.1 1.1 The Importance of Dynamic Methods  1.2 1.2 Two Early Systoms1.3 1.3 Contents of the Paper2 2. METHOOS2.1 2.1 Identification of Labeled Data 1. INTRODUCTION Dynamic graphical methods have two important properties direct manipulation and instantaneous change. The data analyst takes an action through manual manipulation of an input device and some thing happens, virtually instantaneously, on a com puter graphics screen. Figure 1 shows an example in which a dynamic method is used to turn point labels on and off. The data analyst moves a rectangle over the scatterplot by moving a mouse; the figure shows the rectangle in a sequence of positions. When the rectangle covers a point, its label appears and when the rectangle no longer covers the point, its label disappears. 1.1 The Importance of Dynamic Methods   In the future, dynamic graphical methods will be ubiquitous. There are two reasons One is the addition of dynamic capabilities to the methodology of tradi tional static data display provides an enormous in crease in the power of graphical methods to convey information about data—wholly new methods become possible and many capabilities that are cumbersome and time consuming in a static environment become simple and fast (Tukey and Tukcy, 1985). Huber (1983) aptly describes the importance of the dynamic environment: â€Å"We see more when we interact with the picture especially if it react* instantaneously than when we merely watch. This does not mean that current static methods will be discarded, but rather that there will be a much richer collection of methods. The second reason is that the price and availability of powerful statistical computing environments are rap idly evolving in a direction that will permit the use of dynamic graphics McDonald and Pedersen. 1985 . Thus, it seems likely that the methods described in this paper will be standard methodology in the future. Furthermore, because the number of people that have so far heen involved in research in dynamic methods is relatively small, the development of new dynamic methods should accelerate as the appropriate computing environments liecome more widely available. 1.2 Two Early Systoms A recognition of the potential of direct manipula tion, real-tiine graphics for data analysis goes back as far as the early 1960s when computer graphics systems   by a knob. Points could be deleted by positioning a cursor on them. The system demonstrated that dynamic graphical methods had the potential to be important tools for data analysis. Another early system was PRIM-9 (Fisherkcller, Friedman and Tukey, 1975), a set of dynamic tools for projecting, rotating, isolating, and masking multi dimensional data in up to nine dimensions Rotation was the central operation; this dynamic method allows the data analyst to study three-dimensional data by showing the points rotating on the computer screen. Isolation and masking were features that allowed point deletion in a lasting or in a transient way. PRIM-9 was an influential system; many subsequent systems were modeled after it and during the 1970 dynamic graphics und PRIM operations were nearly synonymous. (In fact, in the rush to impl ement PRIM systems. Fowlkes’ idea* were nearly forgotten.) As the reader will see from the descriptions to follow and their origins, it was not until the early 1980s that significantly different methods would begin appearing; this was stimulated in large measure by new comput ing techniques coming from computer scientists. 1.3 Contents of the Paper A variety of dynamic graphical methods are de scribed and illustrated in Section 2 of this paper. Sections 2.1 to 2.6 cover identification, deletion, link ing brushing, scaling, and rotation. Section 2.7 de scribes in a general way what many of the methods are doing—providing dynamic parameter control and thereby opens the door to a large collection of potential methods. Computing issue are discussed in Section 3 of the paper; hardware and software consid erations tend to be much more tightly bound to the success of dynamic methodologies than is the case for static graphical methods. Section 4 of the paper is a brief summary and discussion. 2. METHOOS 2.1 Identification of Labeled Data Identification has two directions. Suppose we have a collection of elements on a graph (e.g., points) and each element has a name or label. In one direction of identification we select a particular element and then find out what its label is; we will call this labeling. In the other direction, we select a label and then find the location on the graph of the element corresponding to this label. We will call this locating. Identifica- tion (asks, although seemingly mundane, are so all- pervasive that simple ways of performing them arc of enormous help to a data analyst. Labeling Points. Suppose x, and y, for to are measurements of two variables that have labels. Figure 2 shows an example. The data are measure ments of the bruin weight* and body weights of a collection of animal species (rile and Quiring, 1940). Biologists study the relationship between these two variables because the ratio (brain weight) (body weight)3 is a rough measure of intelligence (Gould. 1979; Jenson, 1955). In Figure 2, the data ore graphed on a log scale and the axes are scaled so that Ã'Æ' 2x/3 is a 46 line; thue, 45 lines are contours of constant intelligence under this measure. Each point on the graph has a label: the name of the species. In analyzing bivariate data with labels, we almost always want to know the labels for all or some of the points of the scatterplot. Buffy Media Analysis EssayFigure illustrates one simple use of deletion A scatterplot is made and there is an outlier that causes the remaining points on the graph a graph of the firet. sulwet appears on the screen for, say, 1 see, then it is replaced for 1 sec by a graph of the second subset, and so forth until we get to the last subset. Then the process repeats. Of course, the sub sets are all 6hown on common axes so that the scale of the pictures remains identical as various subsets are shown. Another technique is to show all of the data at all times and have the cycling consist of a highlighting of one subset at each stage. A third tech to be crammed into such a small region that their resolution is ruined; the analyst removes the point by touching it with a cursor, and after the deletion the graph is automatically rescaled and redrawn on the screen. For example, Fowlkes (1971) used this dynamic deletion of outliers for probability plots; after points -were selected for deletio n, the expected order statistics of the reduced sample were recomputed automatically and the graph redrawn. Deletion is actually a very general concept that can enter dynamic graphical methods in many way*. Its basic purpose is to eliminate certain graphical ele ments so that we can better study the remaining elements. For example, the outlier deletion lets us focus more incisively on the remaining data, and in alternagraphics, subsets can be temporarily deleted to allow better study of the remaining subsets. Other applications of deletion will be given in later sections   2.3 Linking Suppose we have n measurement on p variables and that scatterplots of certain pairs of the variables are made A linking method enables us to visually link corresjxmding points on different scatterplots. For example, suppose there are four variables, and and that we graph Ã'Æ' against and against . To link points on the two scatterplots means to see by some visual method that the point on the first plot corresponds to on the other plot. To illustrate this, consider the Anderson (1935) iris data made famous by Fisher (1936). There are 150 mens urements of four variables: sepal length, sepal width, petal length, and petal width. Two scatterplots are shown in Figure 5. The data have been jittered, that is. small amounts of noi »e added, to avoid the overlap of plotted symbols on the graph. F-nch ecattcrplot has two clusters, and we immediately find ourselves want ing to know if there is some correspondence b otwecn the clusters of separate plots. Linking is a concept that has long existed in the development of static display (Chamliers, Cleveland, Kleiner and Tukey, 1983; Diaconis and Friedman, 1980; Tufte, 1983). One method for linking is the M and N plot of Diaconis and Friedman (1990); lines are drawn between corresponding point* on the two scat terplots. Another method is to use a unique plotting symbol for each point (Chambers, Cleveland, Kleiner and Tukey, 1983) on a particular plot and to use the same symbol for corresponding observations on dif ferent plot. A third method is the scattcrplot matrix, all pairwise scatterplots arranged in a rectangular array, which arose, in part, because it provide a certain amount of linking. An example is Figure 6, which shows the iris data. To maximize the resolution of the plotted points, scale information is put inside the panels of the off diagonal of the matrix; the labels are the variable name and the numbers show the ranges of the vari- ables. Consider the cluster to the northwest in the sepal length and width plot of the   panel. Does this cluster correspond to one of the two clusters in the petal length and width scatterplot of panel   By scanning horizontally from the   panel to the   panel and then vertically to the   panel wre can see that the top half or so of the northwest sepal cluster corresponds to the top half or so of the north east petal cluster. By scanning vertically from the   panel to the   panel and then horizontally to the   panel we can see that the left half or so of the northwest sepal cluster corresponds to the bottom half or so of the northeast petal cluster. The union of these two scans shows that most of the northwest sepal cluster corresponds to most of the northeast peta l cluster, it is a good guess that the remaining pieces of the clusters also correspond.

Meghan Reid Essays - The Awakening, Jazz Poetry,

Meghan Reid Professor Zimmerman Honors English December 1, 1998 Nature and the Human Soul: The Shackles of Freedom Langston Hughes and Kate Chopin use nature in several dimensions to demonstrate the powerful struggles and burdens of human life. Throughout Kate Chopin's The Awakening and several of Langston Hughes' poems, the sweeping imagery of the beauty and power of nature demonstrates the struggles the characters confront, and their eventual freedom from those struggles. Nature and freedom coexist, and the characters eventually learn to find freedom from the confines of society, oneself, and finally freedom within one's soul. The use of nature for this purpose brings the characters and speakers in Chopin's and Hughes' works to life, and the reader feels the life and freedom of those characters. Nature, in the works of Chopin and Hughes serves as a powerful symbol that represents the struggle of the human soul towards freedom, the anguish of that struggle, and the joy when that freedom is finally reached. In The Awakening, the protagonist Edna Pontellier undergoes a metamorphosis. She lives in Creole society, a society that restricts sexuality, especially for women of the time. Edna is bound by the confines of a loveless marriage, unfulfilled, unhappy, and closed in like a caged bird. During her summer at Grand Isle she is confronted with herself in her truest nature, and finds herself swept away by passion and love for someone she cannot have, Robert Lebrun. The imagery of the ocean at Grand Isle and its attributes symbolize a force calling her to confront her internal struggles, and find freedom. Chopin uses the imagery of the ocean to represent the innate force within her soul that is calling to her. ?The voice of the sea is seductive; never ceasing, whispering, clamoring, murmuring, inviting the soul to wander for a spell in abysses of solitude; to lose itself in a maze of inward contemplation.? (p.14) Through nature and its power, Edna, begins to find freedom in her soul and then returns to a life in the city where reside the conflicts that surround her. Edna grew up on a Mississippi plantation, where life was simple, happy, and peaceful. The images of nature, which serve as a symbol for freedom of the soul, appear when she speaks of this existence. In the novel, she remembers a simpler life when she was a child, engulfed in nature and free: ?The hot wind beating in my face made me think ? without any connection that I can trace ? of a summer day in Kentucky, of a meadow that seemed as big as the ocean to the very little girl walking through the grass, which was higher than her waist. She threw out her arms as if swimming when she walked, beating the tall grass as one strikes out in the water.? (p.17) Chopin's reference to swimming occurs many times in the novel, and through the ocean and her experiences swimming, she not only confronts nature, but she challenges and discovers her true self. The use of nature is especially significant as a memory in her childhood because it marks a time in her life when she was happy and free. This image of swimming returns to her when her soul is beginning to reopen, at Grand Isle. When Edna finally learns to swim, she finds herself frightened, alone, overwhelmed, and surrounded in a vast expanse of water. Her experience swimming in the ocean for the first time parallels her discovery and immersion in the true nature of her soul: ?As she swam she seemed to be reaching out for the unlimited in which to lose herself . . . A quick vision of death smote her soul, and for a second of time appalled and enfeebled her sense.? (p.28) She is frightened by her own self-discovery ? yet is enraptured by it. It is this contradiction and this confrontation with nature that is brings about Edna's self-discovery and metamorphosis within the novel. It is more than love for Robert that drives her to be free from the restrictions of this society. Instead, it is her discovery of her own self that causes her to shun the confines of society. Edna's ?self-discovery? awakens her, and she is able to greet

Modern Music essays

Modern Music essays Claude Debussy composed his music with an emphasis on sound, sensuous, and sumptuous sound. His music turned away from German-Romanticism and German music with its chromatic harmonies and melodic formulas. Debussy uses color as his basic building block and in doing so has constructed a style of music to represent him and his proud nation of France. This paper is going highlight his extrordinary style of composition and the techniques he used to develop Impressionism. Between 1893 and 1895 Debussy worked on an opera based on Maurice Maeterlincks play Pellas et Mlisande. According to Grayson, this project always encompassed Debussy. The discovery of Pellas in 1893 was indeed a major turning point in Debussys career, and, as his remarks imply, it was the production of this opera in 1902 that brought him international celebrity. From that point on, everybody did indeed know what he had done. Debussy was taking great chances when writing opera, it was a good way to have everyone laugh at you and your work and put you on a shelf like a book you couldnt get through. His music stresses mood and nuances over patterns with pure melodies. It is impressive the way he created time standing still, by creating animated harmonic stasis. Richard Osborne describes Debussys work, Pellas et Mlisande is a drama of the inner, the really real world, a drama of implication, of psychological conflicts too secret to concentrate into the obvious attitudes of life, exhibitory and active... Arkel is old age poignantly particularized. The music by which Debussy gives him grief and wisdom is bowed in its sombre-moving phrases and harmonies, so pathetically in contrast to the golden throated lyricism of Pelleas: the innocent youngness but older in herself than she knows of Melinsande, the simple manliness of Gouland, that unfortunate horseman.1 Debussy b...

Slavery Comes to the American Colonies From 1492-1750 Essay

Slavery Comes to the American Colonies From 1492-1750 - Essay Example Development in the South American colonies and the West Indies were retarded due to the control and dominance by the Spaniards. There was also a drift towards an economy based on agriculture. These two factors contributed to the development of slave-holding societies in the American colonies. In the initial stages local natives were use in the development of commercial agriculture, but the local natives were not able to withstand the heavy workload they were expected to perform and withered away. The decimation of the local communities had the benefit of providing even more land for commercial agricultural production. The lack of local natives for slave labor and the added land available for agricultural production cause the induction of the hardy African Negroes into these lands, as slaves to work on commercial agricultural production sites. (Hinton, K.V., 2005). The use of African Negroes as slaves in the American colony started when King Charles V of Spain granted a license for bringing four thousand African Negroes into the West Indies as slaves. From then on the American colonies were to witness the growth of slavery. The English involvement in trade and use of slaves started in 1562, and subsequent to the revolution in 1688 trading and use by the British was to flourish. With the royalty involved in the slave trade its growth was only enhanced. An English company was formed in 1713 with Queen Anne of England holding a quarter share, and King Philip V of Spain another quarter. This company was given the privilege of supplying 144,000 Negro slaves to the Spanish American colonies for a period of thirty years, and is an indication of the growth in slave trade and the use of slaves in the American colonies. The spread of the use of Negro slaves into the United States of America was a natural extension of the wide use

Reading Music Sheet Notation - Process Analysis Essay

Reading Music Sheet Notation - Process Analysis - Essay Example Music is defined as â€Å"the science or art of ordering tones or sounds in succession, in combination, and in temporal relationships to produce a composition having unity and continuity† (Webster, p.781). The tones or notes in music are represented on paper by using a special notation. Although to a novice music notations may look complicated, learning to read music is not as difficult as it appears to be. In fact, one of the most rewarding experiences. Singing and playing your favorite music becomes easier and you can also share your musical ideas with others. The following seven steps will help you read music sheets. The first step is learning the names of notes. For this, you should get hold of a music sheet, preferably a beginner’s sheet. Musical sounds are called notes and these notes are named after the first seven letters of the alphabet, namely; A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Next you will learn about staves and clefs. Each group of five parallel straight lines on th e music sheet is called a stave. A stave has five lines and four spaces in between. The notes are written on the music sheet either on the line or in the space between the lines of a stave. The value of the note depends on the clef which is placed at the beginning of the stave. Treble clef looks like a huge 9 with a colon next to it and the Bass clef resembles an ampersand.

What Are The Issues Of Electronic Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

What Are The Issues Of Electronic Waste Environmental Sciences Essay Introduction In every year of human life, seven years of technological advancements go by. Even though this has slowed recently, every day manufacturers are coming out with new electronic equipment that makes the old stuff look only slightly better than a Commodore 64. Electronic waste is an often unheeded environmental problem that is rapidly increasing in with our lust for new technology since manufacturing of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is one of the fastest growing activities in the globe. The reasons behind the increase of both consumption and the production of EEE are rapid growth of economy, urbanization and an increasing demand for consumer goods. The new electronic devices and appliances have fulfilled every aspect of daily activities, providing society with more comfort, health and security and gaining and exchanging easy information. The knowledgeable society however is creating its own toxic footprints. The need for more and more electronics has become vital in our lives in order to conduct business activities. However the way these products are disposed is a great concern for the public worldwide. Most of the electronics items are with high level of toxicity. Since this essay is base on e-waste and in first part of essay discuss more about the types of e-waste. There are mainly three types of e-waste; large Household devices, ICT and Consumer Equipment. For instance, refrigerator and washing machine refer to household appliances, computer, laptop and phone depict information and communication, and finally DVD players and TV represent consumer equipment. In the next part of the essay mainly base on do research about the impact of e-waste and discuss more about it, especially environmental and health impacts. Typically e-waste creates a large number of compounds, which contain high toxic that have adverse impact on environment and human health, because of improper disposal and recycling process. Most of researches are going to do through internet. Furthermore in this document will discuss about the issues of e-waste. Under this part I will be discussing on ethical, legal, professional, and social issues arising because of e-waste. Even in this part I will be dealing with theory, like kerns and consequence theory and I will be dealing with what they said and how it is related to these topics. Finally, in this document I will be discussing about how to overcome those problems arising from e-waste. Moreover, in this part, Im going to focus on the steps that could be taken on national and international level. In addition, I will be focusing on the roles that we can play individually to minimize the issues rising from e-waste. Category of E-waste E-waste is the term used to describe became old, end of life electronic devices such as TVs, computers, laptops, DVD players, and mobile phones etc., which have been disposed by their original users. Electronic waste or e-waste is categorized mainly into three categories, which include large Household devices, ICT and Consumer Equipment. For instance Refrigerator and washing machine symbolize household appliances; computer, laptop and phone symbolize information and telecommunication, while DVD players and TV symbolize consumer equipment. According to UN experts in a landmark report released on 22 February 2010 by UNEP shows the situation of the countries like China, India, Colombia, and Kenya, which categorizes the e-waste causing issues of the countries. (Bali, 22 February 2010). Figure 1: Types of E-waste in When considering each of the above factors of e-waste items, they have been categorized into 26 common components found in each of them. These components are: Metal, Motor or compressor, Insulation, Magnetron, Circuit board, Cooling, LCD, Plastic, Rubber, Wiring or electrical, External Electric cables, Concrete, Refractory Ceramic Fibers, Heating Element, Thermostat, Radioactive substances and electrolyte capacitors (over L/D 25 mm), Transformer, Fluorescent lamp. Textile, CFC/HCFC/HFC/HC, Incandescent lamp, Brominated flamed retardant (BFR)-containing plastic, Batteries and Glass. Configuration of E-waste is different from products of different categories. There are more than 1000 different materials, which are categorized under the sections; hazardous and non-hazardous. Generally, they contain ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metal contains metals like coppers, aluminum and precious metals: for instance silver, gold platinum, etc. But elements like lead, mercury, arsenic, selenium, cadmium and hexavalent chromium come under hazardous waste. Hazards of E-waste When considering the hazards of e-waste, it seems to be a big issue. We should think about recycling e-waste, because finally the dumped hazardous materials can be an eyesore, which include mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, and hexavalent chromium. As I have mentioned before, these types of toxics are not only harmful for the environment but also for our bodies. Environmental and health hazards Lead This is a dangerous toxic, which effects different mechanisms of our body causing to expose our body to the diseases and damage body organism, such as central (organic effectives syndrome) and peripheral nervous systems (motor neuropathy), hemopoietic system (anemia), the genitourinary system (capable of causing damage to all parts nephron) and the reproductive systems (male and female). (Dr. D.Y, august 2008). These types of toxics are highly found in computer and TV. Usually 15 a cathode ray tube contains 1.5 pounds of lead, but other CRTs have up to 8 pounds of lead. Mercury Likewise mercury also one of the dangerous toxics which is produced from e-waste, and which causes damage to genitourinary system (tubular dysfunction), nervous systems and even it affects the fetus. The inorganic mercury spreads by water. It is changed into methylated mercury, which bio-accumulates in living organisms. Through food chain, it goes to human body, especially by fish. (Dr. D.Y, august 2008). Cadmium Another type of toxic that produces by e-waste is cadmium, which contains long-term cumulative poison. This toxic compound in the human body particularly in kidneys and evidence show that there is role of cadmium in carcinogenicity. Even this toxic is highly present in computer and TV. (Dr. D.Y, August 2008). Impact of E-waste E-wastes are made of mass components, which contain dangerous chemicals that have adverse impact on environment and human health, if not disposed properly. Typically, these hazards rise due to use of improper disposal and recycling processes. When considering the impact of waste from the white and brown goods is less toxic compared with grey goods. Today, most common and popular machine among the people, especially among youngsters, is computer, which contains highly toxic chemicals like lead, mercury, cadmium, copper, sinc, plastic, glass, ferrous metal, aluminum and etc. One of the main impacts of the e-waste is air pollution associated to (HT) incineration; hence it leads to respiratory tract infection disease, like bronchitis, pneumonia because of inhaling those polluted air with different kinds of toxic. At the same time, improper disposal of e-waste also causes the contamination of water system and soil near landfills and its directly and indirectly affecting our health. Even the emissions due to transportation of materials also cause environmental impact. Therefore, indirect impacts of e-waste on our health are quite difficult to quantify, compared to others because of the synergistic effects and the time between exposure and reaction. Issues of e-wasting While what we do with our all of our trash is an important issue, What we do with our dangerous trash is an even bigger and a far more critical issue. Mans modern day problem à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Discarded Electronics Devices are in fact, very dangerous Items in a land fill. It must stop; now! Captain GreenJeans http://www.greenupusa.org/page/page/5106015.htm Ethical When considering on ethical issues of e-waste, there are countries that who are doing unethical ways to disposing e-waste. When they are disposing, recycling, open burning in unethical way it leads to arise many ethical issues. Kindly there are laws according to e-waste and even though peoples are dumping e-waste which is unethical ways. Already developed countries like USA, Canada and Europe countries they are sending e-waste to the developing countries like Africa and they are saying Out of side out of mind this is something I think going to be problems in a feature. Those countries may think they are doing right things according to Kants theory, because they merely think their own country, environment, and their own health. Unlike Kants theory, in consequence theory its wrong, because it will be affect whole the world not only the country who did it. For instance, if the outbreak is happen because of those spread of toxics, it will be spread whole over the world and even those countries peoples health will be effect. Other ethical issues raising many people would say e-waste is good for developing countries, because its providing employment for poor peoples, otherwise they may not be able to get any formal employment. The employments of poor peoples providing enough living way to them to feed their family, give education to their children. At some point these are the stage are going to cant take any more, developing countries will says we dont have capacity to handling. We dont have enough facilities, resource and man power to deal with tons and tons of e-waste. Hence in this situation they have to stop doing all those things Environmental and Social issues Everyone hope to do right thing when trying minimizing the environment issues. When we putting our old computer or mobile phone into the recycling bin, we all hope that bin isnt carted off to some landfill and dumped. Since I believe this is much more important fact that we have talk in issues of e-waste, because each and every characteristic of e-waste end up with environment or social issues. For instance if developing country like Sri Lanka, and Maldives importing tons or 100 tons of e-waste where there is no proper facilities and no proper rules and regulation for e-waste. What happens to all these materials once they done burning them to extract metal or they dumping the ground of seeping into the water which affects not only them but community can have larger effect on city or stats and even it causes major air quality issues of just a small by product of this process? President and founder of Redemtech said the recycling industries always try cheating on recycling by finding c heapest way of recycling without concerning on environmental and social issues. The recycling industry in general has become pretty expert at finding the loopholes and cheating. Robert Houghton Redemtech (Lora Bentley, May 8, 2009) http://www.itbusinessedge.com/cm/community/features/articles/blog/the-biggest-e-waste-recycling-problem-exportation/?cs=32443 They never think environmental and social issues rising recycling and disposing of e-waste. Since there are numbers of environmental issues raising on e-waste, which includes air pollution, landfill, contaminating of water, effecting of agriculture. At the same time these facts lead to elevation of social issues, like revelation of diseases for pregnant women, children etc. Legal When considering on legal issues in different countries, its seen that policy makers are struggling to find out proper solutions for management of e-waste. For instance India is a one of the country which was signed in Basel Convention in 1998 and even though they dont have specific legislation regulating import, export or the collection and treatment of e-waste. Since the evolution of the legislative process in some of the countries policymaker considers merely issues. So according to my point of view I think instead of considering only issues, if they could have consider on how to implement those policies in notational, community and individual levels, it would be much better. Since beginning many countries are still having lack regulation to control e-waste, which are categorized as hazards. Though, all of them have consented the Basel Convention and few of them have also ratified the Ban amendment. In 75% of the e-waste can be reuse by repair or refurbishment, but many countries they dont controlled such facilities like shipment of those items. It will be better control if they implement as part of any regulatory scheme, to know where the used electrical and electronic equipment is going and if it will be managed according to country environmental rules and regulation. Even it will help to stop illegally importing those types of items. If we consider on second world highest population country India, report shows that 50,000MT of e-waste is imported illegally in the year and even a record shows that city of Ahmedadbad within a month they import 30MT e-waste illegally. (Violet N. Pinto, 2008). According to the Seattle Time, a global environmental coalition details said 80% of the national recycled computers were being shipped, because of Asia laws are more lax worker safety and environmental laws. In a most of legislation are promote reuse electrical and electronics item, but its much more necessary to implement as the regulation and management control not only by the importing country, but also exporting country. According summery of legislation of different country of e-waste is showing that responsible taking only for manufacture and importer and only Denmark shows the local Government (Ref Appendix B). When considering that legislation, there are some issues rising for implementing because the consumer level no one is taking responsible. But they are the peoples who are using and throwing e-products here and there. Professional When considering on professional issues of e-waste, there are industry which is dealing with includes a recognized certification standard for recyclers, education of customers and even changing the regulatory. In other hand there are peoples and organization who doing this Recommendation for action There are number of ways to save resources and to prevent e-waste. In here mainly discuss only three ways that manufacture and consumer can prevent the e-waste with the help of the government rules and regulations. Waste management strategic for national level Reduce: Typically the consumers are the peoples who are buying and use of Electronic appliances; hence they can play huge roles to reduce the need to buy new electronic appliances by practicing number of ways. They can practice good preventative maintenance to extend the life of an electronic appliance. Always try to upgrade machine or device instead of buying a new one. If you feel to buy a new one always look for green electronic items. Reuse: Buy a used or refurbished devices Instead of throwing you old machine or devices donate your friends, school, and community group or non-profit. Talk your machine to a non-profit for refurbishing and re-use. Recycle If you feel dispose your machine or devices just call recycling centers and get ideas from them how to dispose or send them to dispose. Technical interventions The one of the best solution for the minimize e-waste crisis is product design and engineering at the manufacturing source by increasing safety and decreasing toxic material use. This can be done by implementing employing waste minimization techniques and by producing long durable goods. Industries involve adopting on e- waste minimization Production process adjustment Number of production reduction Refurbish and reuse Use green products Environment friendly product design and develop. Longevity production Minimize use of toxic materials for the products According to all the enlisted principles on environmental justice is considered one of the most suitable frameworks that join is to extend Producer Responsibility. It will force the producer to follow safe disposal rule and regulation. Even it sustain environmental friendly technology, cleaner production technology and designing for longevity. Policy-level involvements Clearly identify the e-waste regulation in national and international level Import and export controlling and monitoring regime Typically unclear on the issues of e-waste and the unable the govern the rules of hazardous e-waste and ineffective monitoring the e-waste recycling leads the prime reasons for demanding society to set a separate rules to control these process. Actions at a National level Awareness raising activities ( make action plan for national level and implement it for national level) Each and every nation can initiate pilot repair, refurbishment and recycling schemes and make sure that their recycler is a true recycler and not just simply an exporter of toxic e-waste. Give proper train for customs and enforcement officer, to control illegal export or imports of electrical and electronic wastes. Laws concerning e-waste disposal should be reviewed and revamped and government should strictly curb the import of e-wastes from other countries. Conclusion In a concluding we have find issues of e-waste becoming a big problem in the globally and the detrimental effects of e-waste are growing as a major issues in each of the countries in world wide. Even though e-waste in some of the countries are partially collected and reused and recycled as a second hand products, but other countries are doing unethical ways, especially small scale shops who are working in occupationally hazardous conditions inefficient ways and that lead to detrimental to the environment. Since beginning of the report noticed that most of the countries (e.g. India, China) they dont have proper legal framework for e-waste management, local e-waste mechanisms and they are faced some of difficulties to implement those legal framework. At the same time I have discussed on the report some of the issues raise on e-waste, which including ethical, legal, professional, social and environmental issues. In social and environmental issues of the report I have discussed what are the main issues we have seen in environmental and social issues in e-waste? For instance, because of e-waste the air pollution, contamination of water, and some of the skin and respiratory disease are causing. At the same time ethical, profession, and legal issues also discussed in this report, which highlighted on, whether all the countries are doing e-waste process on ethical way according rules and relation of countries. Even in this report I have given summary of some country laws to understand their laws on e-waste. To extended manufacture, and consumer responsibility is one of the main solutions for the environmentally sound management of e-wastes. Final part of the report I have given recommending for action and under this section I have found some of the solution that all nation can implement on e-waste program. Even some of the countries try to intend to adopt that kind of method and they face difficulties in introducing those program, hence they need strictly follow those rule and regulation. Reference Appendix B Europe countries Countries

Difference Between Necessity and Private Defence Essay

The two grounds of justification known as necessity and private defence are closely related. In both cases the perpetrator protects interests which are of value to her, such as life, physical integrity and property, against threatening danger. The distinctions between these two grounds of justification are the following (Snyman C.R: 2008): (1) the origin of the situation of emergency: Private defence always stems from an unlawful (and therefore human) attack; necessity, on the other hand, may stem either from an unlawful human act, or from chance circumstances, such as natural occurrences. (2) the object at which the act of defence is directed: Private defence is always directed at an unlawful human attack; necessity is directed at either the interests of another innocent third party or merely amounts to a violation of a legal provisio: E.G: X, who has a gun, tells Y that he kidnapped Y’s daughter and orders Y, the bank manager, to use his code to open the safe of the bank and to hand him all the money inside the safe. If Y does not do what he says he, X will kill his daughter. If Y hands him the money he will be harming the bank and therefore act in necessity. If he takes his own gun and shoot X because he knows that X lied and that his daughter is safe, he will be acting in private defence to protect this own and the interest of the bank. The distinction between necessity and private defence is also illustrated by the requirements for the successful plea of the grounds of justification (necessity and private defence). These requirements are described below: NECESSITY A person acts out of necessity – and her conduct is therefore lawful – if she acts in the protection of her own or somebody else’s life, physical integrity, property or other legally recognised interest which is endangered by a threat of harm which has already begun or is immediately threatening and which cannot be averted in any other way; provided that the person who relies on the necessity is not legally compelled to endure the danger, and the interest protected by the act of defence is not out of proportion to the interest threatened by such an act (Burchell, J:2004). This defence arises when a person is confronted with a choice between suffering an injustice and breaking the law. It is regularly used to justify actions in emergencies. One would, for instance, be able to rely on necessity against a charge of speeding when driving a person requiring urgent medical care to hospital. Requirements of Necessity (1) Some legal interest of X, such as her life, physical integrity or property must be threatened. In principle, one should also be able to protect other interests such as dignity, freedom and chastity in a situation of necessity. (2) One can also act in a situation of necessity to protect another’s interest, for example where X protects Z from being attacked by an animal. (3) The emergency must already have begun or be imminent, but must not have terminated, nor be expected in the future only. (4) Whether a person can rely on the defence of necessity if she herself is responsible for the emergency, is a debatable question. In our opinion X should not be precluded from successfully raising this defence merely because she caused the emergency herself. If she were precluded, this would mean that if, because of X’s carelessness, her baby swallowed an overdose of pills, X would not be allowed to exceed the speed limit while rushing the baby to hospital, but would have to resign herself to the child’s dying (compare the facts in Pretorius supra). The two acts, namely the creation of danger and rescue from it, should be separated. If the first act amounts to a crime X can be punished for it, for example where she sets fire to a house and then has to break out of the house to save her own life (Milton, J.R.L:1997). (5) If somebody is legally compelled to endure the danger, she cannot rely on necessity. Persons such as policemen, soldiers and firemen cannot avert the dangers inherent in the exercise of their profession by infringing the rights of innocent parties. Another aspect of this rule is that a person cannot rely on necessity as a defence if what appears to her to be a threat is in fact lawful (human) conduct. Thus it was held in Kibi 1978 (4) SA 173 (EC) that if X is arrested lawfully, he may not damage the police van in which he has been locked up, in order to escape from it. (6) The act committed in necessity is lawful only if it is the only way in which X can avert the threat or danger. Where, for example, Z orders X to kill Y and threatens to kill X if she does not obey, and it appears that X can overcome her dilemma by fleeing, she must flee, and if possible, seek police protection (Bradbury 1967 (1) SA 387 (A) 390). (7) X must be conscious of the fact that an emergency exists, and that she is therefore acting out of necessity. There is no such thing as a chance or accidental act of necessity. If X throws a brick through the window of Y’s house in order to break in, and it later appears that by so doing she has saved Z, who was sleeping in a room filled with poisonous gas, from certain death, X cannot rely on necessity as a defence. (8) The harm occasioned by the defensive act must not be out of proportion to the interest threatened, and therefore X must not cause more harm than is necessary to escape the danger. It is this requirement which is the most important one in practice, and it can also be the most difficult to apply. The protected and the impaired interests are often of a different nature, for example where somebody damages another’s property in protecting her own physical integrity.

Infidelity across the country Essay

There is a rise in infidelity across the country. It is becoming more common; affecting everyone from celebrities, presidents, married couples, and new lovers. People are more openly talking about infidelity. Infidelity has been on the rise for some time now and is expected to continue to rise. Free dictionary.com defines infidelity as unfaithfulness to a sexual partner especially a spouse. Infidelity statistics show cheating is on the rise; over 50% of both men and women have had a sexual relationship with a person other than their spouse during their marriage. There are many different causes and effects of infidelity, mostly negative, but some can be positive. One possible cause is availability and opportunity. There are so many options of cheating—emotional, cyber, and sexual. There are even more ways to hide it, most believe they will not get caught. When the opportunity arises, it is too tempting for most people to pass up. I took a survey in the class to see what fellow classmates believed was the most common cause of cheating. 60% believed that a change in perspective is the leading cause to infidelity. Another cause is technology. Technology makes cheating easier than it ever has been. Numerous people visit online chat rooms and dating sites. Several of those people stay in contact with their online friends, on a daily basis. According to the infidelity statistics nearly 60% of internet users flirt over internet. 40% of them have engaged in sexual conversation. 50% have contacted their online friends. Online porn directly contributes to divorce. There is a direct correlation between online infidelity and sexual affairs. Some people cheat for the thrill of the adrenaline. Knowing cheating is prohibited, they get a rush or high. These people want to avoid boredom in their life. They feel their life is predictable and they want to live on the edge. Familiarity can also play a role in cheating. As time passes, people know their partner very well; this can lead to lack of excitement. If excitement is found elsewhere it can drive a person to cheat. These people believe the grass is green er on the other side. When they become attracted to another they act on it. There are emotional feelings which can lead to infidelity. If one partner feels they are superior to the other, they believe they should cheat. They justify their  behavior by feeling they deserve to be with someone equal to them. Another factor is unexpressed anger or a desire to get even. If a partner has previously been caught cheating, the non-cheater may decide to cheat. They believe if they cheat, both will be equal, thus making them feel better. This type of reaction tends not to play out well, for either side. There are physical factors that play into infidelity. Not all people age gracefully. Some people cheat if they get the chance. They want to prove they still can. As their age increases, their self-esteem decreases. They begin to wonder if they are still attractive to the opposite sex. Many people get into an affair just for the affirmation they still have it. Another physical factor is the environment they grew up in. If children are raised in a home where parents or other family cheat, they believe it is perfectly alright. Young individuals are taught, by family and friends, to believe that monogamy is unnat ural and cheating is acceptable. They then apply this learned behavior to their own life. This further increases the trend of continuous cheating. Another cause of the increase in cheating is different sexual experiences. One sexual partner may be more experienced, leaving them bored with their less experienced partner. Some people have a sexual addiction, like Tiger Woods. He had an amazing life, #1 golfer, nice house, beautiful wife, good family, but it still wasn’t enough for him. He admitted to multiple infidelities while married. He also confessed to having a sexual addiction, which he sought treatment for. However, this could not save his marriage; it ended with a public divorce. Celebrity affairs impact the rise in cheating. These affairs are made public, talked about on TV, in magazines, and on the radio. The mistresses are followed by the press, offered money for their story, and become celebrity-like overnight. The most recent public example is focused on General David Petraeus and his biographer, Paula Broadwell. The General worked for the CIA, he willingly resigned after news of the affair was made public. In his resignation note he stated, â€Å"I showed extremely poor judgment by engaging in an extramarital affair. Such behavior is unacceptable, both as a husband and as a leader of an organization [CIA] such as ours.† Not only did this have a negative impact on his marriage, but his life long career as well. The most well-known affair would be with President Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky. Clinton struggled with the decision to talk publically about the  affair. He contacted a friend for advice on if he should come out with the truth. He stated â€Å"I didn’t do what they said I did, but I may have done so much that I can’t prove my innocence.† His friend advised him to tell the truth, he said the American people will forgive adultery but not lies. People spoke of impeaching him, but this never happened, he finished out his term. The effects of cheating are devastating. It affects the person on the receiving end more than it does the cheater. Infidelity can have effects on both partners. Not all relationships can make it through this hard time. A majority of people affected by infidelity want to let the relationship go and move on. The person, who was cheated on, ends up with a shattered self-image. He/she is infected with severe self-doubt and blame. They can’t help but become depressed or even suicidal. This could cause them to lose faith/trust in both people and relationships. People directly affected by infidelity are more likely to be insecure or angry. If they do not seek professional help it could result in continuous problems. Most effects of cheating are negative, but there are a few positive results. Infidelity could cause one, or both partners, to seek much needed professional help. Some issues can be worked through, but require both time and work. If a couple makes it thru an occurrence, they could form a stronger bond, and become thankful for what they do have. The most critical/significant cause of cheating is a lack of emotional intimacy. Over time, the love almost dies. Couples make the poor choice to remain in these dead relationships for long periods of time. The need for love and feeling of importance is crucial to the survival of a relationship. If a partner feels neglected they may seek love from an alternative source. Spending too little time with a partner leaves them feeling their needs and/or desires are unmet. Women are more prone to cheating if they feel unaccepted, and unloved. When affection is missing it can drive an individual to cheat. The rise in infidelity has a tremendous impact on the lives of many people. There is a marriage crisis in America. In 2010, less than 50% of Americans were married. A half century ago almost 75% were married. Happiness in marriages has dropped, and divorce rates have gone up. If something is not done to decrease infidelity, theses rates will continue to go up.