Nature or nurture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nature or sustain - Essay Example In spite of the fact that at present, mainstream researchers has steered the result towards ‘nature’, a progressing banter contends that condition is the principle factor affecting sexual orientation characters of individuals. This end is drawn from crafted by Michael Kimmel, a humanist who educates at the University of New York at Stony Brook. Aside from having composed on sexual orientation by and large and men specifically, in â€Å"‘Bros before Hos’: The Guy Code†, Kimmel manages issues of manliness. He accepts that youngsters are associated into their gatherings and addition thoughts of manliness from the environmental factors around them. Studies which have been led by James O’Neill, formative therapist at the University of Connecticut and social clinician, Joseph Pleck have indicated how little the mingling effects on young men have changed throughout the years. Kimmel brings up how men fit in with masculizing impacts and saw manly condu ct since they are on edge to make sure about the endorsement of other men. In the expressions of dramatist David Mamet, ladies are seen have such a â€Å"low place on the social stepping stool of this nation that its futile to characterize yourself as far as a woman†. Young men will in general relate to their dads and more established male friends and receive personal conduct standards viewed as â€Å"masculine† so as to win the endorsement of other men. Freud has advanced the view that a fundamental piece of the way toward characterizing male sexual orientation recognize is the partition of a kid from his mom and close ID with his dad. Manliness is in this way accomplished through â€Å"repudiation, disassociation and afterward identification.† To help this contention, clinicians, for example, Michael Thompson, James Gabarrino and Dan Kindlon additionally repeat that a culture of savagery is made wherein little fellows are effectively disheartened from crying o r indicating their feelings. Applying Pollack’s sees, a little youngster would be pushed through the impacts from different guys in his general condition to effectively build up the â€Å"mask of manliness, which is basically an apathetic, dispassionate front wherein denying their own passionate needs shapes a basic piece of encircling of sexual orientation personality of the young men. Conversely with Kimmel, Hanna Rosin is less sure about the effect of mingling impacts and nature on the improvement of sex personality. In the â€Å"A Boy’ Life†, Rosin focuses to the way that the challenges transgender youngsters experience, seem to have been exacerbated by parental extravagance. These kids take on pretending at an early age †ordinarily the job of the other gender †and continue with it. The essayist likewise maps the ongoing distraction with science in the territory of human character and the speculations of sexual orientation as a social build. Both Rosin and Kimmel offer an upsetting perspective on the inspiration of companions, guardians, networks and experts. These individuals engaged with the arrangement of sexual orientation characters, in which a blend of dread of dismissal, a requirement for regularity and friend endorsement, and expert desire prompts a determined thought. Guardians, driven by dread of their children’s dismissal by society and steady social insistence

Ideal family Essay

Section ONE THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Presentation The organization of family is an essential unit in the general public, and the multi capacities performed by it make it a genuinely necessary establishment in a general public. A portion of the significant capacities performed by the family incorporate multiplication of new individuals and mingling them, and arrangement of enthusiastic and physical consideration for more seasoned people and youthful. Family truth be told, is an organization which resolves or facilitates countless social issues. The term family had been characterized by different sociologists and anthropologists. Dwindle Murdock, in the wake of concentrating more than 250 multi social orders characterizes family as a â€Å"social bunch described by regular living arrangement, financial co-activity and multiplication. Interconnectedness of people in family connections through obligations of fondness as well as commitment prompts joint dynamic, financial plan †pooling, helpful work jobs and honorable child rearing inside a structure of socially acknowledged ideas about the division of rights and duties by sex and generational position. There are two fundamental family types presented by the sociologists. One is the family unit, which comprises of two older folks and their youngsters. It is frequently alluded to as the â€Å"immediate family†. More distant family is the other kind. It comprises of an old arrangement of family exhibitions with the nearby associations of a few ages of relations, for example, grandparents, spouses of sisters and wives of siblings, aunties, uncles, nieces and nephews. As indicated by Adoms, as families move from being reached out to being increasingly disconnected, atomic and privatized the connection among spouses and husbands will in general become progressively equivalent, with the two accomplices working and sharing family assignments. Such a family is characterized as â€Å"the balanced family†. From this, I have chosen to examine on IDEAL FAMILY to introduce what are the patterns in having a family. Proclamation of the Problem The principle motivation behind this exploration is to introduce the plans of the understudies in having their very own group alongside its duties. Explicitly it plans to: Choosing the size of the family fluctuates to its duties. Making a family relates to penances in part of their professions. By looking forward †years from now †anticipate that them should having an upbeat family they need to make. Degree and Delimitation This exploration covers most are students of the University of the East. Sixty understudies will be imparting their insights and future choices in beginning a family. Importance of the Research The exploration attempts to support the accompanying: The understudies see a greater amount of their future about having a family and its duties since it will seek them to their present circumstance as an understudy and for their future. The University of the East †Caloocan accomplishes one of their principle goals to deliver solid and mindful individual later on. The educators support and improve their understudies with qualities and yearnings on pushing ahead and each progression to take must be envisioned. Section II Survey OF RELATED LITERATURE Reinforcing Fragile Families The ascent of delicate familiesâ€families that start when a kid is brought into the world outside of marriageâ€is one of the nation’s most vexing social issues. In any case, these families endure high neediness rates and poor kid results. Much progressively risky, the very gatherings of Americans who generally experience destitution, weakened kid advancement, and poor school accomplishment have the most noteworthy paces of non-conjugal parenthoodâ€thus escalating the impediments looked by these families and broadening them into the people to come. Financial Mobility of Families across Generations The investigation presents that â€Å"Doing better† than one’s guardians has for quite some time been a key component of the American Dream. Not exclusively can individuals gain more, however they can climb the stepping stool contrasted with others. The story, implanted in our history and our writing, recommends any individual can begin from humble beginnings and accomplishes extraordinary riches, or if nothing else arrive at the white collar class. Be that as it may, how are Americans getting along today? It is safe to say that they are in an ideal situation than their own folks were and what amount does their possible achievement rely upon their family foundation? These inquiries are replied in this examination. Guardians working out work For families with youngsters, the work of guardians is indispensable to address the prosperity of relatives. Progressively, when we think about parental business, it isn't just fathers’ work that is of concern, yet in addition mothers’. How guardians work out work applies both to those families with two guardians in the workforce and those with a solitary parent working. This realities sheet presents measurable data about patterns in parents’ commitment in paid work, analyzing mothers’ and fathers’ business designs. We give itemized data about jobless families. Further, the manners by which families deal with their work and care duties is dissected, through introduction of measurements on their utilization of kid care, paid parental and other leave, and other working game plans. Family cooperating: getting the Balance right The National Families Week subject for 2013 causes to notice the occasionally troublesome undertaking of accomplishing balance in our lives. Accomplishing parity can benefit from outside intervention by cooperating in our quick and more distant families, just as with companions, neighbors and the more extensive network. One of the squeezing difficulties today is finding the harmony between the hours spent in paid work and the time went through with loved ones, in network exercises, and caring for our own wellbeing and prosperity. This realities sheet features a portion of the manners by which such time responsibilities fluctuate over the existence course, and how families deal with these and other contending requests on their time. Families have a significant effect: helping children to develop and learn This Facts Sheet has been set up for the 2012 National Families Week, with this year’s topic being â€Å"Families have a significant effect: Helping children to develop and learn†. It gives a scope of data on manners by which families sustain and support children’s physical, learning and social enthusiastic turn of events. Helping kids to develop and learn happens inside families from numerous points of view, from giving a safe and sustaining home condition, through being engaged with children’s learning exercises at school, home and somewhere else, and provide kids the information and guidance they have to grow up with the social and enthusiastic capacities to handle regular day to day existence. We will investigate this here by taking a gander at children’s physical, learning and social-enthusiastic turn of events Section III Strategy Research setting and respondents The respondents of this investigation are students of the University of the East. There are sixty respondents remembered for the examination. Research strategy The scientists utilized the expressive technique that is structure for the specialists to accumulate data about introducing existing condition. Thusly, it characterizes as assortment of information so as to test speculation or to respond to questions concerning the status of the subject of the investigation. The specialists make a study survey as instrument to accumulate data required among the respondents. Information gathering instrument There are one-page overview survey formed with ten inquiries in regards to the data expected to the examination. The inquiries that assemble data about the sentiments and desires in having a family. Family life incorporates the size, authority, home, and duty. It’s more on a desires or reference in observing their life in not so distant future. Information get-together and method The analysts define inquiries for the study polls for the appropriate responses required in the investigation. The study polls are hand out to the respondents. At that point, the respondents answer the review surveys identified with their assessment, information, and future references. The review surveys will be gather for the planning of the examination and results. Section IV Introduction, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Quantitative Result The scientists classify the information accumulated and present the outcomes in graphical structure. The respondents’ answers appeared in the accompanying figures each have their own understanding and investigation. Figure 1. Number of respondents anticipating having a family From Figure 1, 60 of the respondents plan on having a family said yes and nobody said no. Figure 2. Age on having a family From Figure 2, 33 of the respondents said they intend to have a family at age of 20-24 years of age, 18 said at age of 25-29 years of age, 7 said at age of 30-34 years of age, 2 said at age of 35-39 years of age, and nobody said at age of 40 years of age or more. Figure 3. Number of respondents anticipating the quantity of youngster/kids From Figure 3, 15 of the respondents said they intend to have one youngster, 27 said two kids, 11 said three kids, 5 said four kids, and 2 said at least five kids, and nobody said they don't plan to have a kid. Figure 4. Quantities of respondents know about the duties in having kids From Figure 4, 60 of the respondents said yes for their familiarity with duty in having kids and nobody said no. Figure 5. Area of the living arrangement of their family From Figure 5, 48 of the respondents said they will have their own home for their own family, and 12 said they will live to their family living arrangement. Figure 6. Leader of the family From Figure 6, 32 of the respondents the dad will be the leader of the family, 7 said the mother, and 21 said both. Figure 7. Number of respondents surrendering their profession From Figure 7, 45 of the respondents said yes to surrender their profession in dealing with their family, and 15 said no.

Magical Attic Butterflies Coloring Page

Magical Attic Butterflies Coloring Page A medium-detail coloring page to help build pre-writing motor skills The butterflies on this printable require careful work and focus - perfect for building attention and fine-motor skills in young children! This Magical Attic coloring page features Misty Pig and butterflies of different shapes and sizes - appropriate for developing hand-eye coordination and fine-motor skills. BCP Imagines BCP Imagines BCP Imagines designs and develops unique multimedia that brings children and their families creative, fun, shared experiences. Our award-winning cross-platform content encourages creative learning, expression and play while helping kids of ALL ages open their imaginations and look at their world in a new way. BCP Imagines' multi-award winning series Drawing with Mark brings the joy of learning to draw to all ages. The Magical Attic?, where anything is possible,? was created to help foster imagination and creative play while encouraging positive attitudes emphasizing the important lessons of kindness, friendship and helping others. Visit the Magical Attic store or purchase the Drawing with Mark collection!

Definition Of Respect For Autonomy - 1993 Words

Respect for autonomy is central to modern bioethics. Along with the principles of nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice, respect for autonomy forms the basis of the principle based approach to bioethics {BEAUCHAMP2009}. This approach, also known as principlism, has come to dominate the way bioethics is done. Despite the extensive critique of principlism within the bioethics literature, that which principlism does not or cannot address is still often taken as falling outside the ethical domain {CALHOUN1988}. Furthermore, principlism has been widely adopted within healthcare, where there is little or no acknowledgement of the limitations of this approach. As a result many of the practice based, real world, solutions to bioethical problems continue to rely entirely on principlism. This phenomenon is well illustrated by the problem of decision making when the patient cannot participate. It is widely accepted that competent patients should be able to make their own healthcare decisions. This claim is underpinned by the principle of respect for autonomy which is realised through processes such as informed consent and shared decision making. But what happens when the patient cannot participate in decision making;, under these circumstances whose voice should be heard? In the seminal text Principles of Biomedical Ethics Beauchamp and Childress (ref) frame decision making when the patient is incompetent as a problem of lost autonomy and the solutions they propose areShow MoreRelatedPrivacy And The Right Of Privacy1540 Words   |  7 PagesBy definition, privacy is the ability of an individual to seclude themselves or information about themselves from the individuals around them or the community they live in. Almost all countries have laws in place to protect an individual’s privacy because it is under the illusion as a fundamental human right. 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This question is answered by the six principles of ethics, Respect for Autonomy, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, Justice, Fidelity and Veracity. Following these six principles gives a more concrete definition on what being ethical means. The first of the six principles of ethics is Respect for Autonomy. What is exactly meant by respect for autonomy? Autonomy represents the capacity for human self determination and the ability for humans to make their own decisionsRead MoreNursing Theory in Professional Practice1287 Words   |  6 Pagesfamilies, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people.† (International Council of Nurses, 2002). Virginia Henderson’s classic definition of nursing is, â€Å"I say that the nurse does for others what they would do for themselves if they had the strength, the will, and the knowledge. But I go on to say that the nurse makes the patient independent of him or her as soon as possible. (VirginiaRead MoreLearner Autonomy1084 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Learner Autonomy and How Can It Be Fostered? Dimitrios Thanasoulas The Internet TESL Journal 2. What is Autonomy? For a definition of autonomy, we might quote Holec (1981: 3, cited in Benson Voller, 1997: 1) who describes it as the ability to take charge of ones learning. On a general note, the term autonomy has come to be used in at least five ways (see Benson Voller, 1997: 2): †¢ for situations in which learners study entirely on their own; †¢ for a set of skillsRead MoreHuman Experimentation1684 Words   |  7 PagesTOPIC #4: Human Experimentation PRO: Prisoners should be allowed to participate in human research CON: Prisoners should not be allowed to participate in human research History and definitions Dating back to 1965, seventy-five prisoners at Holmesburg prison in Pennsylvania were purposely exposed to a poisonous agent. This study was conducted to determine the effects of dioxin, a potentially harmful substance. Dermatologist Dr. Albert Kligman, exposed prisoners to a dosage 468 times greaterRead MoreAdvertising Prescription Drugs And The United States1021 Words   |  5 Pageswe can test weather an action is moral. Three formulations Kant gave for an action must have if it is to be a moral action are â€Å"(1) it must be amendable to being made consistently universal; (2) it must respect rational beings as ends in themselves; and (3) it must stem from, and respect autonomy of rational beings (DeGeorge).† In the case of DTC prescription drug ads Kant’s categorical imperative deontological approach depends on the intentions of the manufacturers. In the book Principles of HealthRead MoreEuthanasia And The Right Of Life And Euthanasia1558 Words   |  7 PagesTo speak of Right to Life and Euthanasia, first it should be defined by at least two notions: Euthanasia and the Right to Life, the first are definitions as those shown below: Some authors see that the concept or the notion of Euthanasia is too ambiguous, which can lead us to understand very different and even contradictory things. Let s refer to it: 1. A normed use: Death without physical suffering or which causes voluntarily Another use is the Factual painless death or death in a state

Why People Commit Crimes - 933 Words

Crime has been around for as long as humans have had law. It is an unavoidable part of our society. A question that has been under study for almost the same amount of time is the issue of why people commit crimes. What is the motivation behind criminals and their behavior? Many theories have been made for different situations and types of criminals. These theories can also be applied to crimes that occur in movies. For the film, Lawless, neutralization theory can be applied to a lot of the happenings. The film, Lawless, is based on the novel The Wettest County in the World, which dramatizes true events that took place in Franklin country, Virginia during the prohibition era. The three Bondurant brothers and their illegal bootlegging business are the main focus of the story, with the middle child, Forest, as the main ring leader. The story starts out with the brothers just delivering to their some regular loyal customers, many of which include the police. Then, a new deputy moves into town and is determined to shut down all the bootlegging in the area. In the name of the law, the new deputy effectively shuts down all of the bootleggers except for the Bondurant brothers by a variety of means, including violence. The brothers, meanwhile, manage to extend their business across county lines. There is a series of physical attacks by the deputy on people including other bootleggers, family of the Bondurant brothers, and the youngest of the brothers himself. The event ofShow MoreRelatedWhy People Commit The Crime Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagescriminal justice process. Criminological theory is important because most of what is done in criminal justice is based on criminological theory, whether we or the people who propose and implement policies based on the theory know it or not. In criminology, examining why people commit the crime is very important in the ongoing debate on how crime should be handled or committed. Several criminological theories that best describe the cause for juvenile delinquency is social disorganization, strain, socialRead MoreWhy People Commit Crimes1403 Words   |  6 Pagesperson has it own opinion. Crime is the human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws, according with Schmalleger. The criminal behavior is the antisocial acts that a person commits for different reasons. This means that the person violated laws constantly for a long or short time period. There are many reasons why criminals commit crimes. Some of the criminals commit crimes for necessity, others forRead MoreWhy People Commit Crimes?1255 Words   |  6 PagesWhy People Commit Crimes Author: admin Monday, 22 Sep 2014 It is known that people commit crimes for various reasons, such as social factors, economic and cultural reasons. All these factors have negative impact on the individuals and trigger them to be involved in criminal activities. For example, social factors are focused on the role of society in the life of an individual. The reasons of many crimes are concluded in peer pressure, school failure, prejudices and stereotyping, etc. Economic reasonsRead MoreWhy People Commit Crime?1417 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout History, there have been many speculations as to why people commit crime. Criminologists, Psychologists, Sociologists and even Biologists have all, at one time or another claimed to have an explanation. However, there is one underlying explanation that has been maintained across centuries, presented by various theorists, and to this day, is widely perceived as truthful. That is the explanation that a certain propensity to commit crime exists within the lower classes of society that does notRead MoreWhy People Commit The Crimes2635 Words   |  11 Pages Introduction There are many different theories out there of why people commit the crimes they do. In fact there are several theories that are apart of the different aspects of those theories. For hundreds of years people have been trying to figure out what causes people to engage in deviant behavior. It has been a field that has changed the way it has looked at why criminals commit the crimes that they do. The theory that I am going to be covering in this paper is that of the Strain TheoryRead MoreWhy People Commit Crime? Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pageswhen offenders desist, or stop, committing crime. Desistance from crime exists when an individual has an absence of criminal behavior in their lives for a sustained period of time. 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These various reasons got to do with social, economic, and cultural reason. These factors trigger an individual to do criminal activities. Social reasons are peer pressure, and school failure. Economic reasons are poverty. Cultural reasons are hatred. The combination of these factors is behind a person who commits crimes. To start with, people commit crime because of social reasons. The social reasons are poor parenting skills, peer influence, drugsRead MoreWhy Do People Commit Crime?1300 Words   |  6 PagesWhy do people commit crime? Identify and explore 3 theories of crime and evaluate their key strengths and weaknesses Discuss the role of rehabilitation in the justice system (using three theories of crime to back up) The Oxford Dictionary defines a crime as an action or omission, which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law . Criminological studies look into why individuals commit crime and why they behave the way they do in certain situations. By understanding this, one is able to

A Game of Thrones Chapter Forty-one Free Essays

Jon You are as hopeless as any boys I have ever trained,† Ser Alliser Thorne announced when they had all assembled in the yard. â€Å"Your hands were made for manure shovels, not for swords, and if it were up to me, the lot of you would be set to herding swine. But last night I was told that Gueren is marching five new boys up the kingsroad. We will write a custom essay sample on A Game of Thrones Chapter Forty-one or any similar topic only for you Order Now One or two may even be worth the price of piss. To make room for them, I have decided to pass eight of you on to the Lord Commander to do with as he will.† He called out the names one by one. â€Å"Toad. Stone Head. Aurochs. Lover. Pimple. Monkey. Ser Loon.† Last, he looked at Jon. â€Å"And the Bastard.† Pyp let fly a whoop and thrust his sword into the air. Ser Alliser fixed him with a reptile stare. â€Å"They will call you men of Night’s Watch now, but you are bigger fools than the Mummer’s Monkey here if you believe that. You are boys still, green and stinking of summer, and when the winter comes you will die like flies.† And with that, Ser Alliser Thorne took his leave of them. The other boys gathered round the eight who had been named, laughing and cursing and offering congratulations. Halder smacked Toad on the butt with the flat of his sword and shouted, â€Å"Toad, of the Night’s Watch!† Yelling that a black brother needed a horse, Pyp leapt onto Grenn’s shoulders, and they tumbled to the ground, rolling and punching and hooting. Dareon dashed inside the armory and returned with a skin of sour red. As they passed the wine from hand to hand, grinning like fools, Jon noticed Samwell Tarly standing by himself beneath a bare dead tree in the corner of the yard. Jon offered him the skin. â€Å"A swallow of wine?† Sam shook his head. â€Å"No thank you, Jon.† â€Å"Are you well?† â€Å"Very well, truly,† the fat boy lied. â€Å"I am so happy for you all.† His round face quivered as he forced a smile. â€Å"You will be First Ranger someday, just as your uncle was.† â€Å"Is,† Jon corrected. He would not accept that Benjen Stark was dead. Before he could say more, Haider cried, â€Å"Here, you planning to drink that all yourself?† Pyp snatched the skin from his hand and danced away, laughing. While Grenn seized his arm, Pyp gave the skin a squeeze, and a thin stream of red squirted Jon in the face. Haider howled in protest at the waste of good wine. Jon sputtered and struggled. Matthar and Jeren climbed the wall and began pelting them all with snowballs. By the time he wrenched free, with snow in his hair and wine stains on his surcoat, Samwell Tarly had gone. That night, Three-Finger Hobb cooked the boys a special meal to mark the occasion. When Jon arrived at the common hall, the Lord Steward himself led him to the bench near the fire. The older men clapped him on the arm in passing. The eight soon-to-be brothers feasted on rack of lamb baked in a crust of garlic and herbs, garnished with sprigs of mint, and surrounded by mashed yellow turnips swimming in butter. â€Å"From the Lord Commander’s own table,† Bowen Marsh told them. There were salads of spinach and chickpeas and turnip greens, and afterward bowls of iced blueberries and sweet cream. â€Å"Do you think they’ll keep us together?† Pyp wondered as they gorged themselves happily. Toad made a face. â€Å"I hope not. I’m sick of looking at those ears of yours.† â€Å"Ho,† said Pyp. â€Å"Listen to the crow call the raven black. You’re certain to be a ranger, Toad. They’ll want you as far from the castle as they can. If Mance Rayder attacks, lift your visor and show your face, and he’ll run off screaming.† Everyone laughed but Grenn. â€Å"I hope I’m a ranger.† â€Å"You and everyone else,† said Matthar. Every man who wore the black walked the Wall, and every man was expected to take up steel in its defense, but the rangers were the true fighting heart of the Night’s Watch. It was they who dared ride beyond the Wall, sweeping through the haunted forest and the icy mountain heights west of the Shadow Tower, fighting wildlings and giants and monstrous snow bears. â€Å"Not everyone,† said Halder. â€Å"It’s the builders for me. What use would rangers be if the Wall fell down?† The order of builders provided the masons and carpenters to repair keeps and towers, the miners to dig tunnels and crush stone for roads and footpaths, the woodsmen to clear away new growth wherever the forest pressed too close to the Wall. Once, it was said, they had quarried immense blocks of ice from frozen lakes deep in the haunted forest, dragging them south on sledges so the Wall might be raised ever higher. Those days were centuries gone, however; now, it was all they could do to ride the Wall from Eastwatch to the Shadow Tower, watching for cracks or signs of melt and making what repairs they could. â€Å"The Old Bear’s no fool,† Dareon observed. â€Å"You’re certain to be a builder, and Jon’s certain to be a ranger. He’s the best sword and the best rider among us, and his uncle was the First before he . . . † His voice trailed off awkwardly as he realized what he had almost said. â€Å"Benjen Stark is still First Ranger,† Jon Snow told him, toying with his bowl of blueberries. The rest might have given up all hope of his uncle’s safe return, but not him. He pushed away the berries, scarcely touched, and rose from the bench. â€Å"Aren’t you going to eat those?† Toad asked. â€Å"They’re yours.† Jon had hardly tasted Hobb’s great feast. â€Å"I could not eat another bite.† He took his cloak from its hook near the door and shouldered his way out. Pyp followed him. â€Å"Jon, what is it?† â€Å"Sam,† he admitted. â€Å"He was not at table tonight.† â€Å"It’s not like him to miss a meal,† Pyp said thoughtfully. â€Å"Do you suppose he’s taken ill?† â€Å"He’s frightened. We’re leaving him.† He remembered the day he had left Winterfell, all the bittersweet farewells; Bran lying broken, Robb with snow in his hair, Arya raining kisses on him after he’d given her Needle. â€Å"Once we say our words, we’ll all have duties to attend to. Some of us may be sent away, to Eastwatch or the Shadow Tower. Sam will remain in training, with the likes of Rast and Cuger and these new boys who are coming up the kingsroad. Gods only know what they’ll be like, but you can bet Ser Alliser will send them against him, first chance he gets.† Pyp made a grimace. â€Å"You did all you could.† â€Å"All we could wasn’t enough,† Jon said. A deep restlessness was on him as he went back to Hardin’s Tower for Ghost. The direwolf walked beside him to the stables. Some of the more skittish horses kicked at their stalls and laid back their ears as they entered. Jon saddled his mare, mounted, and rode out from Castle Black, south across the moonlit night. Ghost raced ahead of him, flying over the ground, gone in the blink of an eye. Jon let him go. A wolf needed to hunt. He had no destination in mind. He wanted only to ride. He followed the creek for a time, listening to the icy trickle of water over rock, then cut across the fields to the kingsroad. It stretched out before him, narrow and stony and pocked with weeds, a road of no particular promise, yet the sight of it filled Jon Snow with a vast longing. Winterfell was down that road, and beyond it Riverrun and King’s Landing and the Eyrie and so many other places; Casterly Rock, the Isle of Faces, the red mountains of Dorne, the hundred islands of Braavos in the sea, the smoking ruins of old Valyria. All the places that Jon would never see. The world was down that road . . . and he was here. Once he swore his vow, the Wall would be his home until he was old as Maester Aemon. â€Å"I have not sworn yet,† he muttered. He was no outlaw, bound to take the black or pay the penalty for his crimes. He had come here freely, and he might leave freely . . . until he said the words. He need only ride on, and he could leave it all behind. By the time the moon was full again, he would be back in Winterfell with his brothers. Your half brothers, a voice inside reminded him. And Lady Stark, who will not welcome you. There was no place for him in Winterfell, no place in King’s Landing either. Even his own mother had not had a place for him. The thought of her made him sad. He wondered who she had been, what she had looked like, why his father had left her. Because she was a whore or an adulteress, fool. Something dark and dishonorable, or else why was Lord Eddard too ashamed to speak of her? Jon Snow turned away from the kingsroad to look behind him. The fires of Castle Black were hidden behind a hill, but the Wall was there, pale beneath the moon, vast and cold, running from horizon to horizon. He wheeled his horse around and started for home. Ghost returned as he crested a rise and saw the distant glow of lamplight from the Lord Commander’s Tower. The direwolf s muzzle was red with blood as he trotted beside the horse. Jon found himself thinking of Samwell Tarly again on the ride back. By the time he reached the stables, he knew what he must do. Maester Aemon’s apartments were in a stout wooden keep below the rookery. Aged and frail, the maester shared his chambers with two of the younger stewards, who tended to his needs and helped him in his duties. The brothers joked that he had been given the two ugliest men in the Night’s Watch; being blind, he was spared having to look at them. Clydas was short, bald, and chinless, with small pink eyes like a mole. Chett had a wen on his neck the size of a pigeon’s egg, and a face red with boils and pimples. Perhaps that was why he always seemed so angry. It was Chett who answered Jon’s knock. â€Å"I need to speak to Maester Aemon,† Jon told him. â€Å"The maester is abed, as you should be. Come back on the morrow and maybe he’ll see you.† He began to shut the door. Jon jammed it open with his boot. â€Å"I need to speak to him now. The morning will be too late.† Chett scowled. â€Å"The maester is not accustomed to being woken in the night. Do you know how old he is?† â€Å"Old enough to treat visitors with more courtesy than you,† Jon said. â€Å"Give him my pardons. I would not disturb his rest if it were not important.† â€Å"And if I refuse?† Jon had his boot wedged solidly in the door. â€Å"I can stand here all night if I must.† The black brother made a disgusted noise and opened the door to admit him. â€Å"Wait in the library. There’s wood. Start a fire. I won’t have the maester catching a chill on account of you.† Jon had the logs crackling merrily by the time Chett led in Maester Aemon. The old man was clad in his bed robe, but around his throat was the chain collar of his order. A maester did not remove it even to sleep. â€Å"The chair beside the fire would be pleasant,† he said when he felt the warmth on his face. When he was settled comfortably, Chett covered his legs with a fur and went to stand by the door. â€Å"I am sorry to have woken you, Maester,† Jon Snow said. â€Å"You did not wake me,† Maester Aemon replied. â€Å"I find I need less sleep as I grow older, and I am grown very old. I often spend half the night with ghosts, remembering times fifty years past as if they were yesterday. The mystery of a midnight visitor is a welcome persion. So tell me, Jon Snow, why have you come calling at this strange hour?† â€Å"To ask that Samwell Tarly be taken from training and accepted as a brother of the Night’s Watch.† â€Å"This is no concern of Maester Aemon,† Chett complained. â€Å"Our Lord Commander has given the training of recruits into the hands of Ser Alliser Thorne,† the maester said gently. â€Å"Only he may say when a boy is ready to swear his vow, as you surely know. Why then come to me?† â€Å"The Lord Commander listens to you,† Jon told him. â€Å"And the wounded and the sick of the Night’s Watch are in your charge.† â€Å"And is your friend Samwell wounded or sick?† â€Å"He will be,† Jon promised, â€Å"unless you help.† He told them all of it, even the part where he’d set Ghost at Rast’s throat. Maester Aemon listened silently, blind eyes fixed on the fire, but Chett’s face darkened with each word. â€Å"Without us to keep him safe, Sam will have no chance,† Jon finished. â€Å"He’s hopeless with a sword. My sister Arya could tear him apart, and she’s not yet ten. If Ser Alliser makes him fight, it’s only a matter of time before he’s hurt or killed.† Chett could stand no more. â€Å"I’ve seen this fat boy in the common hall,† he said. â€Å"He is a pig, and a hopeless craven as well, if what you say is true.† â€Å"Maybe it is so,† Maester Aemon said. â€Å"Tell me, Chett, what would you have us do with such a boy?† â€Å"Leave him where he is,† Chett said. â€Å"The Wall is no place for the weak. Let him train until he is ready, no matter how many years that takes. Ser Alliser shall make a man of him or kill him, as the gods will.† â€Å"That’s stupid,† Jon said. He took a deep breath to gather his thoughts. â€Å"I remember once I asked Maester Luwin why he wore a chain around his throat.† Maester Aemon touched his own collar lightly, his bony, wrinkled finger stroking the heavy metal links. â€Å"Go on.† â€Å"He told me that a maester’s collar is made of chain to remind him that he is sworn to serve,† Jon said, remembering. â€Å"I asked why each link was a different metal. A silver chain would look much finer with his grey robes, I said. Maester Luwin laughed. A maester forges his chain with study, he told me. The different metals are each a different kind of learning, gold for the study of money and accounts, silver for healing, iron for warcraft. And he said there were other meanings as well. The collar is supposed to remind a maester of the realm he serves, isn’t that so? Lords are gold and knights steel, but two links can’t make a chain. You also need silver and iron and lead, tin and copper and bronze and all the rest, and those are farmers and smiths and merchants and the like. A chain needs all sorts of metals, and a land needs all sorts of people.† Maester Aemon smiled. â€Å"And so?† â€Å"The Night’s Watch needs all sorts too. Why else have rangers and stewards and builders? Lord Randyll couldn’t make Sam a warrior, and Ser Alliser won’t either. You can’t hammer tin into iron, no matter how hard you beat it, but that doesn’t mean tin is useless. Why shouldn’t Sam be a steward?† Chett gave an angry scowl. â€Å"I’m a steward. You think it’s easy work, fit for cowards? The order of stewards keeps the Watch alive. We hunt and farm, tend the horses, milk the cows, gather firewood, cook the meals. Who do you think makes your clothing? Who brings up supplies from the south? The stewards.† Maester Aemon was gentler. â€Å"Is your friend a hunter?† â€Å"He hates hunting,† Jon had to admit. â€Å"Can he plow a field?† the maester asked. â€Å"Can he drive a wagon or sail a ship? Could he butcher a cow?† â€Å"No.† Chett gave a nasty laugh. â€Å"I’ve seen what happens to soft lordlings when they’re put to work. Set them to churning butter and their hands blister and bleed. Give them an axe to split logs, and they cut off their own foot.† â€Å"I know one thing Sam could do better than anyone.† â€Å"Yes?† Maester Aemon prompted. Jon glanced warily at Chett, standing beside the door, his boils red and angry. â€Å"He could help you,† he said quickly. â€Å"He can do sums, and he knows how to read and write. I know Chett can’t read, and Clydas has weak eyes. Sam read every book in his father’s library. He’d be good with the ravens too. Animals seem to like him. Ghost took to him straight off. There’s a lot he could do, besides fighting. The Night’s Watch needs every man. Why kill one, to no end? Make use of him instead.† Maester Aemon closed his eyes, and for a brief moment Jon was afraid that he had gone to sleep. Finally he said, â€Å"Maester Luwin taught you well, Jon Snow. Your mind is as deft as your blade, it would seem.† â€Å"Does that mean . . . â€Å" â€Å"It means I shall think on what you have said,† the maester told him firmly. â€Å"And now, I believe I am ready to sleep. Chett, show our young brother to the door.† How to cite A Game of Thrones Chapter Forty-one, Essay examples

Dynamic Graphics for Data Analysis Essay Example For Students

Dynamic Graphics for Data Analysis Essay Outline1 1. INTRODUCTION1.1 1.1 The Importance of Dynamic Methods  1.2 1.2 Two Early Systoms1.3 1.3 Contents of the Paper2 2. METHOOS2.1 2.1 Identification of Labeled Data 1. INTRODUCTION Dynamic graphical methods have two important properties direct manipulation and instantaneous change. The data analyst takes an action through manual manipulation of an input device and some thing happens, virtually instantaneously, on a com puter graphics screen. Figure 1 shows an example in which a dynamic method is used to turn point labels on and off. The data analyst moves a rectangle over the scatterplot by moving a mouse; the figure shows the rectangle in a sequence of positions. When the rectangle covers a point, its label appears and when the rectangle no longer covers the point, its label disappears. 1.1 The Importance of Dynamic Methods   In the future, dynamic graphical methods will be ubiquitous. There are two reasons One is the addition of dynamic capabilities to the methodology of tradi tional static data display provides an enormous in crease in the power of graphical methods to convey information about data—wholly new methods become possible and many capabilities that are cumbersome and time consuming in a static environment become simple and fast (Tukey and Tukcy, 1985). Huber (1983) aptly describes the importance of the dynamic environment: â€Å"We see more when we interact with the picture especially if it react* instantaneously than when we merely watch. This does not mean that current static methods will be discarded, but rather that there will be a much richer collection of methods. The second reason is that the price and availability of powerful statistical computing environments are rap idly evolving in a direction that will permit the use of dynamic graphics McDonald and Pedersen. 1985 . Thus, it seems likely that the methods described in this paper will be standard methodology in the future. Furthermore, because the number of people that have so far heen involved in research in dynamic methods is relatively small, the development of new dynamic methods should accelerate as the appropriate computing environments liecome more widely available. 1.2 Two Early Systoms A recognition of the potential of direct manipula tion, real-tiine graphics for data analysis goes back as far as the early 1960s when computer graphics systems   by a knob. Points could be deleted by positioning a cursor on them. The system demonstrated that dynamic graphical methods had the potential to be important tools for data analysis. Another early system was PRIM-9 (Fisherkcller, Friedman and Tukey, 1975), a set of dynamic tools for projecting, rotating, isolating, and masking multi dimensional data in up to nine dimensions Rotation was the central operation; this dynamic method allows the data analyst to study three-dimensional data by showing the points rotating on the computer screen. Isolation and masking were features that allowed point deletion in a lasting or in a transient way. PRIM-9 was an influential system; many subsequent systems were modeled after it and during the 1970 dynamic graphics und PRIM operations were nearly synonymous. (In fact, in the rush to impl ement PRIM systems. Fowlkes’ idea* were nearly forgotten.) As the reader will see from the descriptions to follow and their origins, it was not until the early 1980s that significantly different methods would begin appearing; this was stimulated in large measure by new comput ing techniques coming from computer scientists. 1.3 Contents of the Paper A variety of dynamic graphical methods are de scribed and illustrated in Section 2 of this paper. Sections 2.1 to 2.6 cover identification, deletion, link ing brushing, scaling, and rotation. Section 2.7 de scribes in a general way what many of the methods are doing—providing dynamic parameter control and thereby opens the door to a large collection of potential methods. Computing issue are discussed in Section 3 of the paper; hardware and software consid erations tend to be much more tightly bound to the success of dynamic methodologies than is the case for static graphical methods. Section 4 of the paper is a brief summary and discussion. 2. METHOOS 2.1 Identification of Labeled Data Identification has two directions. Suppose we have a collection of elements on a graph (e.g., points) and each element has a name or label. In one direction of identification we select a particular element and then find out what its label is; we will call this labeling. In the other direction, we select a label and then find the location on the graph of the element corresponding to this label. We will call this locating. Identifica- tion (asks, although seemingly mundane, are so all- pervasive that simple ways of performing them arc of enormous help to a data analyst. Labeling Points. Suppose x, and y, for to are measurements of two variables that have labels. Figure 2 shows an example. The data are measure ments of the bruin weight* and body weights of a collection of animal species (rile and Quiring, 1940). Biologists study the relationship between these two variables because the ratio (brain weight) (body weight)3 is a rough measure of intelligence (Gould. 1979; Jenson, 1955). In Figure 2, the data ore graphed on a log scale and the axes are scaled so that Ã'Æ' 2x/3 is a 46 line; thue, 45 lines are contours of constant intelligence under this measure. Each point on the graph has a label: the name of the species. In analyzing bivariate data with labels, we almost always want to know the labels for all or some of the points of the scatterplot. Buffy Media Analysis EssayFigure illustrates one simple use of deletion A scatterplot is made and there is an outlier that causes the remaining points on the graph a graph of the firet. sulwet appears on the screen for, say, 1 see, then it is replaced for 1 sec by a graph of the second subset, and so forth until we get to the last subset. Then the process repeats. Of course, the sub sets are all 6hown on common axes so that the scale of the pictures remains identical as various subsets are shown. Another technique is to show all of the data at all times and have the cycling consist of a highlighting of one subset at each stage. A third tech to be crammed into such a small region that their resolution is ruined; the analyst removes the point by touching it with a cursor, and after the deletion the graph is automatically rescaled and redrawn on the screen. For example, Fowlkes (1971) used this dynamic deletion of outliers for probability plots; after points -were selected for deletio n, the expected order statistics of the reduced sample were recomputed automatically and the graph redrawn. Deletion is actually a very general concept that can enter dynamic graphical methods in many way*. Its basic purpose is to eliminate certain graphical ele ments so that we can better study the remaining elements. For example, the outlier deletion lets us focus more incisively on the remaining data, and in alternagraphics, subsets can be temporarily deleted to allow better study of the remaining subsets. Other applications of deletion will be given in later sections   2.3 Linking Suppose we have n measurement on p variables and that scatterplots of certain pairs of the variables are made A linking method enables us to visually link corresjxmding points on different scatterplots. For example, suppose there are four variables, and and that we graph Ã'Æ' against and against . To link points on the two scatterplots means to see by some visual method that the point on the first plot corresponds to on the other plot. To illustrate this, consider the Anderson (1935) iris data made famous by Fisher (1936). There are 150 mens urements of four variables: sepal length, sepal width, petal length, and petal width. Two scatterplots are shown in Figure 5. The data have been jittered, that is. small amounts of noi »e added, to avoid the overlap of plotted symbols on the graph. F-nch ecattcrplot has two clusters, and we immediately find ourselves want ing to know if there is some correspondence b otwecn the clusters of separate plots. Linking is a concept that has long existed in the development of static display (Chamliers, Cleveland, Kleiner and Tukey, 1983; Diaconis and Friedman, 1980; Tufte, 1983). One method for linking is the M and N plot of Diaconis and Friedman (1990); lines are drawn between corresponding point* on the two scat terplots. Another method is to use a unique plotting symbol for each point (Chambers, Cleveland, Kleiner and Tukey, 1983) on a particular plot and to use the same symbol for corresponding observations on dif ferent plot. A third method is the scattcrplot matrix, all pairwise scatterplots arranged in a rectangular array, which arose, in part, because it provide a certain amount of linking. An example is Figure 6, which shows the iris data. To maximize the resolution of the plotted points, scale information is put inside the panels of the off diagonal of the matrix; the labels are the variable name and the numbers show the ranges of the vari- ables. Consider the cluster to the northwest in the sepal length and width plot of the   panel. Does this cluster correspond to one of the two clusters in the petal length and width scatterplot of panel   By scanning horizontally from the   panel to the   panel and then vertically to the   panel wre can see that the top half or so of the northwest sepal cluster corresponds to the top half or so of the north east petal cluster. By scanning vertically from the   panel to the   panel and then horizontally to the   panel we can see that the left half or so of the northwest sepal cluster corresponds to the bottom half or so of the northeast petal cluster. The union of these two scans shows that most of the northwest sepal cluster corresponds to most of the northeast peta l cluster, it is a good guess that the remaining pieces of the clusters also correspond.